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A possible relationship due to magnetic disturbances Randall W J Interdicipl Cycl Res 20 1989 2654 Housing and health: electromagnetic radiation in homes Lowry S Br Med J 299 dec 16 1989 15175 Exposure of human cells to low-frequency electromagnetic fields results in quantitative changes in transcripts Goodman R et al BBA 1009 1989 2166 The cyclotron saga continues Halnan K & Sikora K Br Med J 300 1990 1187 The cyclotron saga continues Bates TD Br Med J 300 1990 468 Facial skin complaints and work at visual display units - epidemiological, clinical and histopathological studies (114 ref) Berg M Acta Dermato-Venerol suppl 150 1989 3-409 The response of living cells to very weak electric fields: the thermal noise limit Weaver JC & Astumian RD Science 247 1990 4590 The history of concerns about VDTs Sciali AR Reprod Toxicol 4 1990 431 The developmental effects of pulsed magnetic fields on animal embryos Berman E Reprod Toxicol 4 1990 452 Epidemiologic studies of VDT use and pregnancy outcome Marcus M Reprod Toxicol 4 1990 513 The risk of miscarriage and birth defects among women who use visual display terminals during pregnancy Goldhaber MK Reprod Toxicol 4 1990 574 The NIOSH study of reproductive outcomes among video display terminal operators schnorr TM Reprod Toxicol 4 1990 61; 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Cepaea- Nemoralis Kavaliers M et al Brain Res 554 1991 65 Electrical and mechanical fields orient cortical microtubules in higher plant tissues Hush JM & Overall RL Cell Biol Int Rep 15 1991 551 Video display terminals and spontaneous abortions Slesin L & Conelly M NEJ Med 325 1991 811; Reply Newcombe RG & Coles EC p. 812; Schnorr TM et al p.812 Exposure to high tension power lines and childhood leukaemia - a pilot study Lowenthal RM et al Med J Austr 155 1991 347 A chromosomal study of workers with long-term exposure to radio- frequency radiation Garson OM et al Med J Austr 155 1991 289 Long-term pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) results in congenital pseudoarthrosis Bassett CAL & Schinkascani M Calcified Tiss Int 49 1991 216 Magnetic fields and the habenular complex Sandyk R et al Int J Neurosci 59 1991 263 Structural and functional changes in organelles of liver cells in rats exposed to magnetic fields Gorczynska E & Wegrzynowicz R Envir Res 55 1991 188 Biological effects on the cellular level of electric field pulses Adair RK Hlth Phys 61 1991 395 Associations are not effects Savitz DA Am J Epidemiol 134 1991 442; Jacobs DR p. 443; Reply Petitti DB p. 444 Microwave ovens - mapping the electrical field distribution Ng KH Med Lab Sci 48 1991 189 Inhibitory effects of powerline-frequency (60-Hz) magnetic fields on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures and mortality in rats Ossenkopp KP & Cain DP Behav Brain res 44 1991 211 Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and breast cancer in men Demers PA et al Am J Epidemiol 134 1991 340 Failure to reproduce increased calcium uptake in human lymphocytes at purported cyclotron resonance exposure conditions Prasad AV et al Rad Env Biophys 30 1991 305 Effect of pulsed magnetic fields on leukemia-prone AKR mice - no effect on mortality through five generations Bellossi A Leukemia Res 15 1991 899 Magnetic field elicits hypotension mediated by platelet activating factor in rats injected with iron beads Meszaros K Biochem Biophys Res Comm 180 1991 315 The effect of an impulsed electromagnetic field on calcium accumulation by the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the rat heart muscle Loginov VA et al Kosm Biol aviak Med 25:5 1991 51 Cancer Promotion in a Mouse-Skin Model by a 60-Hz Magnetic Field .1. Experimental Design and Exposure System. Stuchly MA; Lecuyer DW; Mclean J Bioelectromagnetics; 12 (5) p261- 271 1991 The rationale for selection of an animal model, the experimental design, and the design and evaluation of an exposure system used in studies of 60-Hz magnetic fields are described. The studies were conceived to assay development of cancer and immune responsiveness in mice exposed to magnetic fields. The exposure system utilized a quadrupole- coil configuration to minimize stray magnetic fields. Four square-wound coil provided a uniform field within a volume occupied by 16 animal cages. The magnetic field had a mean flux density of 2 mT that varied less than +/- 10% within the volume occupied by animals' cages. The flux density decreased to less than 0.1-mu-T at a distance of 2 m from the coils. In each exposure system 32 animals could be housed in plastic cages. Cancer Promotion in a Mouse-Skin Model by a 60-Hz Magnetic Field .2. Tumor Development and Immune Response. Mclean JRN; Stuchly MA; Mitchel REJ; Wilkinson D; Yang H; Goddard M; Lecuyer DW; Schunk M; Callary E; Morrison D Bioelectromagnetics; 12 (5) p273- 287 1991 This paper describes preliminary findings on the influence of 60-Hz (2-mT) magnetic fields on tumor promotion and co- promotion in the skins of mice. The effect of magnetic fields on natural killer (NK) cell activity in spleen and blood was also examined. Groups of 32 juvenile female mice were exposed to the magnetic field as described in part I. The dorsal skin of all animals was treated with a subthreshold dose of the carcinogen 7,12- dimethyl- benz(a)anthracene (DMBA). One week after the treatment, two groups were sham exposed (group A) or field exposed at 2 mT (group B) 6 h/day for 21 weeks, to test whether the field would act as a tumor promoter. No tumors developed in these two groups of mice. To test whether the magnetic field would modify tumor development by directly affecting tumor growth or by suppressing immune surveillance, two additional groups of mice were treated weekly with the tumor promoter 12-0- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and then either sham exposed (group C) or field exposed (group D). The time to appearance of tumors was shorter (but not statistically so) in the group exposed to magnetic fields and TPA. Some differences in NK cell activity and spleen size were observed between the sham- and field- exposed groups. Absence of a Synergistic Effect Between Moderate-Power Radio- Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation and Adriamycin on Cell-Cycle Progression and Sister-Chromatid Exchange. Ciaravino V; Meltz ML; Erwin DN Bioelectromagnetics; 12 (5) p289-298 1991 In our laboratories we are conducting investigations of potential interactions between radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RFR) and chemicals that are toxic by different mechanisms to mammalian cells. The RFR is being tested at frequencies in the microwave range and at different power levels. We report here on the 1) ability of simultaneous RFR exposures to alter the distribution of cells in first and second mitoses from that after treatment by adriamycin alone, and 2) on the ability of simultaneous RFR exposure to alter the extent of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced by adriamycin alone. This chemical was selected because of its reported mechanism of action and because it is of interest in the treatment of cancer. In our studies, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed for 2 h simultaneously to adriamycin and pulsed RFR at a frequency of 2,450 MHz and a specific absorption rate of 33.8 W/Kg. The maximal temperature (in the tissue-culture medium) was 39.7 +/- 0.2-degrees-C. The experiments were controlled for chemical and RFR exposures, as well as for temperature. Verified statistically, the data indicate that the RFR did not affect changes in cell progression caused by adriamycin, and the RFR did not change the number of SCEs that were induced by the adriamycin, which adriamycin is known to affect cells by damaging their membranes and DNA. Morphological and Electrophysiological Changes Produced by Electrical Stimulation in Cultured Neuroblastoma Cells. Krauthamer V; Bekken M; Horowitz JL Bioelectromagnetics; 12 (5) p299-314 1991 Electric fields, which were equivalent to those generated by medical devices, were applied to cultured neuroblastoma cells (mouse and human) to test for morphological damage and to establish damage thresholds. Each of two methods of applying fields permitted flow of electrical current and minimized exposure of cells to electrode- breakdown products. One method consisted of a pair of parallel wires in a Petri dish by which current was delivered within a fixed volume of flowing tissue-culture media. With the other method, the cells were held in a confined geometrical chamber and current was applied via agar bridges. Under a given set of stimulation parameters, damage was found to be variable from cell to cell. By changing the strength of the electric field (frequency and duration of stimulation held constant), thresholds of several V/cm were found above which cell damage could be reliably produced. Depending on the intensity of the field, damage took the form of cell lysis or damage to neurites. Intracellular recordings from the mouse neuroblastoma cells revealed a correlation between a decline in resting transmembrane potential and stimulus intensity. Human neuroblastoma cells were less susceptible to damage than were the mouse neuroblastoma cells, given the same strength of applied electric fields. Modification of the 1979 Denver Wire Code for Different Wire or Plumbing Types. Leeper E; Wertheimer N; Savitz D; Barnes F; Wachtel H Bioelectromagnetics; 12 (5) p315-318 1991 This article examines "wire configuration coding" as used to estimate relative residential AC magnetic field exposure in epidemiological studies-and the need to alter such coding for time or locations other than those in which the code was developed. Effects of different secondary wire practices are particularly examined. Electric Fields Induced in Chicken Eggs by 60-Hz Magnetic Fields and the Dosimetric Importance of Biological Membranes.Miller DLBioelectromagnetics; 12 (6) p349-3601991 * Chicken eggs are convenient models for observing the effects of inhomogeneities and variations, such as those found in biological membranes and in cellular conductivities, on the distribution of internal electric fields as induced by exposure to magnetic fields. The vitelline membrane separates the yolk, which has a conductivity of 0.26 S/m, from the white, which has a conductivity of 0.85 S/m. A miniaturized probe with 2.4-mm resolution was used to measure induced fields in eggs placed in a uniform, 1-mT magnetic field at 60 Hz. The E fields induced in eggs with homogenized contents agreed with expectations based on simple theory. Results were similar to intact eggs unless the probe moved the yolk off- center, which greatly perturbed the induced fields. A more reproducible arrangement, which consisted of saline-agar filled dishes with a hole cut for test samples, was developed to enhance definition of electrical parameters. With this test system, the vitelline membrane was found to be responsible for most of the perturbation of the induced field, because it electrically isolates the yolk from the surrounding white. From a theoretical viewpoint, this dosimetry for the macroscopic eeg yolk is analogous to the interaction of fields with microscopic cells. These findings may have important implications for research on biological effects of ELF electromagnetic fields, especially for studies of avian embryonic development. Effects of Exposure to a 60-kV/m, 60-Hz Electric Field on the Social Behavior of Baboons.Easley SP; Coelho AM; Rogers WRBioelectromagnetics; 12 (6) p361-3751991 * We found in a previously reported study that exposure to a 30- kV/m, 60-Hz electric field had significant effects on the social behavior of baboons. However, it was not established whether or not the effects were related specifically to the 30-kV/m intensity of the field. A new experiment was conducted to determine whether or not exposure to a 60-Hz electric field at 60 kV/m would produce like changes in the baboons' social behavior. We exposed one group of eight male baboons to an electric field 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 6 weeks. A second group of eight animals was maintained under sham-exposure (control) conditions. Rates of performing on each of six categories of social behavior and on four categories of nonsocial behavior were used as criteria for comparing exposed with unexposed subjects and for within- group comparisons during three six-week experimental periods: Pre-Exposure, Exposure. and Post-Exposure. The results indicate that (I ) during the exposure period, exposed animals exhibited statistically significant differences from controls in means of performance rates based on several behavioral categories; (2) across all three periods. within-group comparisons revealed that behaviors of exposed baboons were significantly affected by exposure to the electric field; (3) changes in performance levels probably reflect a stress response to the electric field; and (4) the means of response rates of animals exposed at 60 kV/m were higher, but not double, those of animals exposed at 30 kV/m. As in the 30-kV/m experiment, animals exposed at 60 kV/m exhibited significant differences in performances of Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy. Mean rates of performing these categories were 122% (Passive Affinity), 48% (Tension), and 40% (Stereotypy) higher in the exposed group than in the control group during exposure to the 60-kV/m field. Invitro Exposure Parameters with Linearly and Circularly Polarized ELF Magnetic Fields.Misakian MBioelectromagnetics; 12 (6) p377-3811991 * A comparison is made of induced current densities, electric fields, and rates of energy deposition during in vitro studies with linearly and circularly polarized, extremely low frequency magnetic fields for a cylindrical volume of culture medium. Cancer Risks Related to Electricity Production.Boffetta P; Cardis E; Vainio H; Coleman MP; Kogevinas M; Nordberg G; Parkin DM; Partensky C; Shuker D; Tomatis LEuropean Journal of Cancer; 27 (11) p1504-15191991 * The International Agency for Research on Cancer has previously evaluated the cancer risks associated with fossil fuel-based industrial processes such as coal gasification and coke production, substances and mixtures such as coal tars, coal tar pitch and mineral oils, and a number of substances emitted from fossil-fuelled plants such as benzo[a]pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead and formaldehyde. Based on these evaluations and other evidence from the literature, the carcinogenic risks to the general population and occupational groups from the fossil fuel cycle, the nuclear fuel cycle and renewable cycles are reviewed. Cancer risks from waste disposal, accidents and misuses, and electricity distribution are also considered. No cycle appears to be totally free from cancer risk, but the quantification of the effects of such exposures (in particular of those involving potential exposure to large amounts of carcinogens, such as coal, oil and nuclear) requires the application of methods which are subject to considerable margins of error. Uncertainties due to inadequate data and unconfirmed assumptions are discussed. Cancer risks related to the operation of renewable energy sources are negligible, although there may be some risks from construction of such installations. The elements of knowledge at our disposal do not encourage any attempt toward a quantitative comparative risk assessment. However, even in the absence of an accurate quantification of risk, qualitative indication of carcinogenic hazards should lead to preventive measures. Changes in Liver and Kidney Concentration of Copper, Manganese, Cobalt and Iron in Rats Exposed to Static and Low-Frequency (50 Hz) Magnetic Fields.Duda D; Grzesik J; Pawlicki KJournal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease; 5 (3) p181- 186SEP 1991 * The concentration of copper, manganese, cobalt, and iron in the liver and kidneys of fertilized and not-fertilized rats exposed to static and low-frequency magnetic fields has been analysed. Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, no change in concentration has been observed in pregnant rats after exposure to static field. However, significant changes have been observed in fertilized animal exposed 2 hours daily to low-frequency magnetic fields. Changes in concentration of the above- mentioned metals have also been observed in the kidneys of non-fertilized female rats. It seems possible that alternating magnetic fields may have an influence on biological substances which contain metals and on the metabolism of such substances as well. Fetal Loss Associated with Two Seasonal Sources of Electromagnetic Field Exposure. Klauenberg BJ American Journal of Epidemiology; 134 (8) p913-914 OCT 15 1991; Fetal Loss Associated with Two Seasonal Sources of Electromagnetic Field Exposure - Reply. Wertheimer N; Leeper E American Journal of Epidemiology; 134 (8) p915-916 OCT 15 1991 Effects of Direct Current on Renal Function - An Experimental Study in Pigs. Kinn AC; Nordenstrom BEW; Elbarouni J; Nilsson I Urological Research; 19 (6) p397-400 NOV 1991 *Electric current from an external source was introduced between electrodes operatively placed into the ureters and positioned in the renal pelves of 13 pigs. Urinary excretion via the cathodic kidney showed a marked increase. The renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate diminished with increasing voltage, but no significant difference was found between the cathodic and the anodic kidney. The fractional sodium excretion by the cathodic kidney was 80% higher, indicating that the electric current mainly affected tubular function. A possible clinical application for electric fields in the kidneys is discussed. The Force of Mutual Cell Attraction Induced by Radio Frequency Electric Fields. Zhelev DV; Kuzmin PI; Dimitrov DS Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 26 (2) p193-203 OCT 1991 *The mutual approach of pea protoplasts induced by high frequency electric fields (1 to 11.5 MHz) was measured as a function of time. The force of attraction was calculated from the rates of cell approach. It varied from about 10(-14) N for separation of 3 cell diameters to about 10(- 12) N for separation of 1-mu-m at field strength 36 V/cm and solution conductivity 0.24 mS/cm. The force decreased with increasing conductivity but was not sensitive to frequency variations in the 1 to 11.5 MHz range. The numerical calculation based on the exact solution of the Laplace equation for two conducting spheres in dielectric medium gave a functional dependence similar to the experimental observation, but yielded higher values for the force. These first quantitative measurements of intercellular force induced by radio- frequency electric fields indicate that attraction depends strongly on separation and medium conductivity, but not significantly on frequency. These findings may help in understanding mechanisms of interactions of cells with electric fields, cell electrofusion and electrocoagulation. Lack of c-mitotic Effects in V79 Chinese Hamster Cells Exposed to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields. Saalman E; Onfelt A; Gillstedthedman B Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 26 (2) p335- 338 OCT 1991 Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields and Risk of Childhood Leukemia. London SJ; Thomas DC; Bowman JD; Sobel E; Cheng TC; Peters JM American Journal of Epidemiology; 134 (9) p923-937 NOV 1 1991 *The relation between exposure to electric and magnetic fields in the home, as assessed by measurements, wiring configuration, and self-reported appliance use, and risk of leukemia was investigated in a case-control study among children from birth to age 10 years in Los Angeles County, California. Cases were ascertained through a population- based tumor registry from 1980 to 1987. Controls were drawn from friends and by random digit dialing. Interviews were obtained from 232 cases and 232 controls. Available for analysis were measurements of the magnetic field in the child's bedroom over 24 hours or longer (164 cases and 144 controls), spot measurements of magnetic and electric fields (140 cases and 109 controls), and wiring configuration (219 cases and 207 controls). No clear associations between leukemia risk and measured magnetic or electric fields were seen. An association between the Denver Wertheimer-Leeper wiring configuration and childhood leukemia risk was observed (odds ratio for very high relative to very low current and underground configuration combined = 2.15, 95% confidence interval 1.08-4.28; p for trend = 0.008) and was not substantially altered by adjustment for potential confounding factors. Cases were more likely than controls to report use of several appliances that produce high electric and magnetic fields. Our results support an association between childhood leukemia risk and wiring configuration, but not direct measurements of electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic Fields - Little Accord on Priorities. Pool R Nature; 354 (6351) p260 NOV 28 1991 An Identifiable Molluscan Neuron Responds to Changes in Earth- Strength Magnetic Fields. Lohmann KJ; Willows AOD; Pinter RB Journal of Experimental Biology; 161 (NOV) p1-24 NOV 1991 *Diverse animals can orient using geomagnetic cues, but little is known about the neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie magnetic field detection. The marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea (Bergh) has a magnetic sense and its nervous system is amenable to cellular- level electrophysiological analysis. In a semi-intact whole- animal preparation, intracellular recordings from the large, visually identifiable neurons left pedal 5 (LPe5) and right pedal 5 (RPe5) in the brain of Tritonia revealed enhanced electrical activity in response to changes in ambient earth- strength magnetic fields. No such changes in activity were observed in approximately 50 other neurons subjected to identical magnetic stimuli. The responses of LPe5 were characterized by increases in spiking frequency occurring about 6-16 min after the ambient magnetic field had been rotated to a new position. The response was abolished when the brain had been isolated from the periphery of the animal by severing nerves, a procedure that also transected prominent neurites of LPe5. We hypothesize that LPe5 is one component of a neural circuit mediating detection of the earth's magnetic field or orientation to it. The Initial Orientation of Homing Pigeons at the Magnetic Equator - Compass Mechanisms and the Effect of Applied Magnets. Ranvaud R; Schmidtkoenig K; Ganzhorn JU; Kiepenheuer J; Gasparotto OC; Britto LRG Journal of Experimental Biology; 161 (NOV) p299-314 NOV 1991 *Homing pigeons are thought to use the earth's magnetic field for direction finding. Though the sensory system and the characteristics of the magnetic field used are unknown, it can be hypothesized that pigeons have an inclination compass, as do some migratory birds. When released at the magnetic equator, this inclination compass ought to be suspended. In addition, releasing pigeons when the sun is at or very close to the zenith renders the sun compass inoperational. However, released under these conditions, homing pigeons are not disorientated. Though they vanish on average in a different direction from pigeons released when the sun compass is available, they still show a directional preference close to magnetic north. This directional preference could be disrupted in some years by the application of magnets to the pigeons' back. In other years this treatment as well as another magnetic treatment did not produce any difference between experimental pigeons and controls. These results confirm once more that, if magnetic effects exist, they are of a rather discrete nature. EM-Field Effect upon Properties of NADPH-Cytochrome-P-450 Reductase with Model Substrates. Brown HD; Chattopadhyay SK Cancer Biochemistry Biophysics; 12 (3) p211-215 1991 Human Sensitivity to Weak Magnetic Fields. Bell GB; Marino AA; Chesson AL; Struve FA Lancet; 338 (8781) p1521-1522 DEC 14 1991 On the Existence of the Effect of Heliogeophysical and Chemical Factors on Structural Peculiarities of Liquid Water. Poljak EA Biofizika; 36 (4) p565-568 JUL-AUG 1991 *The existence of the effect of heliogeophysical and chemical factors on structural peculiarities of liquid water is proved by the following data: on continuous formation-destruction in neutral liquid water in the course of steplike dissociation of hydroxonium ion of metastable uncharged compound [H3O(aq)+(H2O0,2eBAR)5], on liquid water preservation of some indications of the presence in it of some biologically active substances at indefenitely high degree of solvents dilution, and on the existence in the electrochemically activated water of three metastable forms with different relaxation times. Formation - destruction of the above metastable compound accompanied by the interaction of spatially separated charges and small perturbations bringing the system into a non-equilibrium state can be considered as a real cause of the intiation of lengmur plasma oscillations. The latter suggest possible formation of bose- quasi-particles in liquid water in the course of its steplike dissociation. Taking into account application of radioactive labels of control over solvents dilution when realizing the "memory" effect of liquid water, heavy water when distinguishing its three metastable forms by relaxation times, specific influence of the pattern of solvents stirring during their dilution with thermal and ultrasonic pretreatment and freezing, suggestions are presented concerning possible participation of charged bose- condensate in the realization of "memory" effect of liquid water. This effect is shown to be in qualitative similarity to that of superfluidity in liquid helium II near the absolute zero. Ability of liquid water to preserve and transmit information can be considered as the cause of the absence of stable positive effects when using activated water. Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Charge Changes in Erythrocyte Membrane. Loginov VA Biofizika; 36 (4) p614-620 JUL- AUG 1991 *By means of hydrophobic anion phenyldicarbaundecaboron electrophoresis in PAA gels and filtration through "Millipore" filters an increase of the total membrane charge and decrease in the amount of membrane-bound proteins (actin, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphatedehydrogenase) after erythrocyte ghosts exposition in pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF, 1-10 Hz pulse frequency, 24 mTesla) were demonstrated. The effects of PEMF are explained by the changes in the distribution of electrostatic charges near the membrane protein-protein binding sites. Generalization of Gui-Chapman Model for Evaluating Galvanic Effect on the Organism Tissues. Shlygin VV Biofizika; 36 (4) p687-694 JUL-AUG 1991 *Spatial distributions of fixed charges and dielectric permeability known for the organism tissues are taken into account in the Gui-Chapman model. Estimation of the coefficient numeral value at the exponent in Boltsman distribution is specified. The pattern of potential redistribution due to the injection of electrons under galvanic effect is shown on the model. Conditions for possible generation of the action potential are evaluated. Monitors and EC Guidelines. Benbow AG Lancet; 338 (8782) p1598 DEC 21 1991 Effect of Low-Level Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Human Chromosomes Invitro - Analysis of Chromosomal Aberrations. Garciasagredo JM; Monteagudo JL Hereditas; 115 (1) p9-11 1991 *The effects of extremely-low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields on human chromosomes with respect to the capacity of inducing chromosome breakage were studied. After human peripheral lymphocytes were exposed in vitro to pulsed electromagnetic fields at different intensities, a significant effect was observed for one of the intensities tested (40 Gauss), relative to the control group with respect to the yield of chromosome breakages. Growth Inhibition in Candida-Albicans Due to Low Intensity Constant Direct Current. Karba R; Gubina M; Vodovnik L Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p1-15 1991 *Electrical stimulation with weak constant direct currents is the treatment of choice for enhancement of wound healing. The use of a negative electrode placed in the wound has been reported to be successful in treating infected ulcers by inhibiting bacterial growth. The aim of our study was to examine the in vitro effects of a low intensity constant direct current of 0.2 to 1mA, applied for 2 to 18 hours on Candida albicans yeast. Electric current was applied using two systems: over Pt-Ir electrodes directly immersed in the culture medium and over agar bridges, which prevented the electrochemical reactions at the metal electrodes and their byproducts from influencing the microbe growth. It was found that even such weak direct currents inhibit the Candida albicans' growth. The inhibitory action was proportional to the magnitude and application time of the electric current. Changes in the Electric Field at an Injury Site During Healing Under Electrical Stimulation. Hart FX Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p33-51 1991 *Changes in the electrical properties of tissue during healing should affect the electric field and current density distributions produced by applied electric or magnetic fields. The electric field produced at a fracture site by surface electrodes is found using a finite-difference method, implemented with a commercially- available spread-sheet program on a microcomputer. The method is first validated by application to a two-layer cylinder. The model considered is the healing of a tibia fracture in an irregularly-shaped, anisotropic model of the human calf. Variations of the three components of the electric field throughout the calf due to the healing are examined. Significant changes are found at the fracture site and in its vicinity. Similar results should be observed with other forms of electromagnetic stimulation. Exposure to Strong Static Magnetic Fields Induces Hypoactivity in Weaning Mice. Pich EM; Solfrini V; Agnati LF; Savoldi F Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p53-64 1991 *We studied the effects of a prolongued exposure to a strong (1.0 Tesla) static and uniform magnetic field upon the open field behaviour and body weight of weaning mice. We observed a marked reduction in the exploratory activity of mice exposed to the field relative to that of control animals kept in similar surroundings, and handled in the same way as the exposed mice. One week of continuous exposure to a 1.0 T field significantly reduces peripheral square entries (p < 0.01) as well as rearings (p < 0.05), but has no effect on body weight. Our findings agree with the suggestion that a strong magnetic field may act as stressing agent. Exposure of Chicken Embryos to Selected Magnetic Fields. Koch WE; Koch BA Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p65-80 1991 *Tests were made to determine whether the development of chicken embryos was altered by exposure to time-varying magnetic fields. Unipolar square waves with periods of 100-mu-s, 1, 10, 20, and 30ms, and 20ms bipolar square and sinusoidal waves were tested. The nominal peak strength for each experiment was 1-mu-T. Neither the morphogenesis of the embryo nor the temporal aspects of development was altered by any tested field. Fertile eggs of several different strains of chickens were also tested to determine whether strain sensitivity to certain magnetic fields can account for the reports of positive effects of magnetic fields upon development. No significant alterations were noted in the embryos of any of the tested strains. Published reports of alterations in development following exposure to similar low level magnetic fields have not been confirmed in this laboratory. Effects of Resonant Magnetic Fields on Chick Femoral Development Invitro. Smith SD; Mcleod BR; Liboff AR Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p81-99 1991 *To assess the possibility that specific ionic resonances can influence bone development, 8-day chick femoral rudiments were explanted to lens paper rafts in BGJ(b) medium and exposed for 1/2 hr/day to combined 16 or 80 Hz, 2 x 10(-5) T (Tesla) peak sinusoidal and various static magnetic fields tuned to calcium, magnesium, potassium (16 Hz), and combined Ca/Mg (80 Hz) ion cyclotron resonances (CR) for 7 days. Ca/Mg tuned cultures were also exposed to 24, 4, 1, and 1/2 hr/day regimes to test for dose- response. Tuning for Ca, Mg, or Ca/Mg increased rudiment length and mid-shaft diameter, diaphyseal collar length and mid- shaft thickness, and reduced the gross L/D and diaphyseal L/T ratios, indicating greater robustness. Tuning for K produced exactly opposite results. There was no increase in effect if stimulation was increased beyond 1 hr/day for Ca/Mg combined tuning. These experiments indicate a significant effect of CR tuning on bone development in vitro. Effect of ELF Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Protein Kinase-C Activation Process in HL-60 Leukemia Cells. Monti MG; Pernecco L; Moruzzi MS; Battini R; Zaniol P; Barbiroli B Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p119-130 1991 *The activation of protein kinase C in HL-60 cells has been used as a model to investigate the molecular effects of the interaction of ELF pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) with the living systems. The shape of the pulsed magnetic field used in our experiments was a positive triangle (50 Hz, 8 mT peak). Protein kinase C is activated by association with plasma membranes; the membrane-associated enzyme binds phorbol esters. In the present study the process of protein kinase C activation was studied by measuring the binding of [H-3]-phorbol- 12, 13- dibutyrate. The extent of labelled PDBu binding to HL- 60 cells was increased by exposing the cells to the ELF electromagnetic field. Scatchard analysis of PDBu binding data showed an increased number of binding sites for the PDBu in the cells exposed to the electromagnetic field for 10, 15 or 20 min. Addition of EGTA to the culture medium resulted in a smaller stimulation of protein kinase C activation in the cells exposed to PEMF. ELF Electromagnetic Fields Affect Gene Expression of Regenerating Rat Liver Following Partial Hepatectomy. Battini R; Monti MG; Moruzzi MS; Ferrari S; Zaniol P; Barbiroli B Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p131-139 1991 *Pulsed extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-PEMFs) influence the expression of oncogenes c-myc and c-ras and of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in the regenerating rat liver following partial hepatectomy. In fact, while the mRNA's encoding both oncogenes are present in very low amounts in the normal liver, their concentration is dramatically increased during regeneration. Ornithine decarboxylase and c-myc mRNA's reach a maximum during the early phases of regeneration (3 hours after surgery) and decrease thereafter. c-ras mRNA reaches a maximum 40 hours after the operation. Treatment with ELF-PEMFs delivered to the animals immediately after the operation and every 12 hours thereafter increases the concentration of both oncogenes and of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA's at 3 hours (c-myc and ODC) and at 40 hours (c-ras) respectively. Differential Effects of Wave Form and the Subject's Possible Temporal Lobe Signs upon Experiences During Cerebral Exposure to Weak Intensity Magnetic Fields. Persinger MA; Koren SA; Makarec K; Richards P; Youlton S Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p141-184 1991 *In three separate experiments a total of 85 male and female university students were exposed within a Ganzfeld setting to weak (1 mG, 100 nT), complex magnetic field patterns. They were applied across the temporal lobes and generated by computer software. When the patterns were rotated spatially over the temporal lobes the numbers of subjective experiences that simulate possible temporal lobe signs and symptoms were markedly increased and qualitatively more extreme than those evoked when the fields were not rotated. A 16 Hz pulsed square wave generated more experiences of thought intrusion than a 4 Hz wave. A positive-feedback ringing wave presented at 4 Hz evoked more visual memories and images than the mirror image of the same wave; the effect was only apparent when the subject's quantitative scores for possible temporal lobe signs was covaried. Only those subjects who displayed above average temporal lobe signs and were exposed to a burst-firing wave pattern for one second once every 4 seconds (a condition intended to release endogenous opiates), reported more emotional perturbations when the state was disrupted relative to subjects who were exposed continuously to the same pattern. The results indicate that a person's temporal lobe profile affects the types and intensities of experiences that are reported when very weak magnetic fields are applied through the human brain. Absence of Non-Thermal Microwave Effects on the Function of Giant Nerve Fibers. Pakhomov AG; Dubovick BV; Kolupayev VE; Pronkevich AN Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1- 2) p185-203 1991 *Functioning of the giant axon of the isolated earthworm ventral nerve cord was examined during exposure to 6.45 GHz microwaves. We used continuous wave and pulsed irradiation, either synchronized with stimuli or asynchronous, lasting for 10-50 min at specific absorption rate from 30 to 230 W/kg. Action potential (AP) conduction velocity and the capability of nerve fiber to answer long-lasting high-frequency stimulation served as indices of microwave effect. Under some experimental conditions the nerve appeared to have extreme sensitivity to subtle temperature changes, induced by irradiation, but no non-thermal microwave effects were detected. Lymphocytes and Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields. Ruggero C Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p205-212 1991 Electromagnetic Field Sensitivity. Rea WJ; Pan Y; Fenyves EJ; Sujisawa I; Suyama H; Samadi N; Ross GH Journal of Bioelectricity; 10 (1-2) p241-256 1991 *A multiphase study was performed to find an effective method to evaluate electromagnetic field (EMF) sensitivity of patients. The first phase developed criteria for controlled testing using an environment low in chemical, particulate, and EMF pollution. Monitoring devices were used in an effort to ensure that extraneous EMF would not interfere with the tests. A second phase involved a single-blind challenge of 100 patients who complained of EMF sensitivity to a series of fields ranging from 0 to 5 MHz in frequency, plus 5 blank challenges. Twenty-five patients were found who were sensitive to the fields, but did not react to the blanks. These were compared in the third phase to 25 healthy naive volunteer controls. None of the volunteers reacted to any challenge, active or blank, but 16 of the EMF-sensitive patients (64%) had positive signs and symptoms scores, plus autonomic nervous system changes. In the fourth phase, the 16 EMF-sensitive patients were rechallenged twice to the frequencies to which they were most sensitive during the previous challenge. The active frequency was found to be positive in 100% of the challenges, while all of the placebo tests were negative. We concluded that this study gives strong evidence that electromagnetic field sensitivity exists, and can be elicited under environmentally controlled conditions. Interpretation of the Effect of an Oscillating Electric Field on Membrane Enzymes. Robertson B; Astumian RD Biochemistry; 31 (1) p138-141 JAN 14 1992 *Theoretical expressions for the frequency and amplitude dependence of the rate of a catalyzed reaction are fitted to the data of Graziana et al. (1990) [Graziana, A., Ranjeva, R., & Teissie, J. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 8313- 83181 for Ca2+ uptake by carrot protoplasts in an oscillating electric field. This uptake is a direct (linear) measure of the rate of increase of ATP caused by a plasma membrane enzyme in the oscillating field. The fit gives 20 ms and 33-mu-s for the relaxation times of the enzyme and roughly 3 for the effective number of elementary changes displaced across the membrane by a conformational change of the enzyme in its catalytic cycle. Additional experiments are suggested to define further the mechanism of the enzymatic reaction. Engineering, Electromagnetic Radiation and Cancer Treatment - Organized on the Occasion of the Retirement of Huibert Sowden Reinhold, Delft, The Netherlands, 19 April 1991. Vanderzee J; Broerse JJ International Journal of Radiation Biology; 61 (1) p135-137 JAN 1992 Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Enhances the Induction of Rat Mammary Tumors by Nitrosomethyl Urea. Beniashvili DS; Bilanishvili VG; Menabde MZ Cancer Letters; 61 (1) p75-79 DEC 9 1991 *Low-frequency electromagnetic fields enhance the induction of mammary gland tumors in rats using nitrosomethyl urea. The incidence of tumors depended on the duration of exposure to static (dc) and variable (ac) magnetic fields. Variable magnetic fields induced mammary gland cancer much more frequently than static ones. Apart from increasing the incidence of mammary gland tumors, household low- frequency electromagnetic fields reduced the mean latent period of tumor development and led to predominance of malignant tumors in the exposed animals as compared to controls. Mammary gland tumors developed rarely under the effect of static or variable magnetic fields per se, without preliminary administration of a carcinogen. Household low- frequency electromagnetic fields may potentially present an oncogenic hazard for animals and humans. The Influence of Low-Frequency Magnetic Field on the Fluctuations of Daphnia-Magna Heart Beatings. Chemeris NK; Safronova VG Biologicheskie Membrany; 8 (11) p1212-1213 NOV 1991 Biological Effects of Static and Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields - Mechanisms of Interaction. Beardwood CJ South African Journal of Science; 87 (11-1) p551-554 NOV-DEC 1991 *Recent research from many laboratories in the United States, Europe and the Soviet Union has produced convincing support for the view that electromagnetic fields (static, oscillating or a combination of both) cause significant biological effects in living systems. Bioeffects have been demonstrated under both in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions. A number of the findings have been verified in independent laboratories and, most recently, predictable observations have been made for the first time from which testable hypotheses have arisen. Is Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer an Issue Worthy of Study. Stevens RG; Savitz DA Cancer; 69 (2) p603-606 JAN 15 1992; There Are No Biologic Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) - Reply. Moore GE Cancer; 69 (2) p606-607 JAN 15 1992 Time-Varying and Static Magnetic Fields Act in Combination to Alter Calcium Signal Transduction in the Lymphocyte. Yost MG; Liburdy RP FEBS Letters; 296 (2) p117-122 JAN 20 1992 *We have tested the hypothesis that extremely low frequency (ELF) time-varying magnetic fields act in combination with static magnetic fields to alter calcium signalling in the lymphocyte. Results indicate that a 60-min exposure of thymic lymphocytes at 37 +/- 0.05- degrees-C to a 16 Hz, 421 mG (42.1-mu-T) magnetic field simultaneously with a colinear static magnetic field of 234 mG (23.4-mu-T) (a.c./d.c. field intensity ratio = 1.8) inhibits calcium influx triggered by the mitogen Concanavalin A. Significantly, resting lymphocytes do not respond to the fields, thus, only mitogen-activated cells undergoing calcium signalling exhibit a field response. These results indicate that signal transduction involving calcium is an important biological constraint which operates to mediate this field interaction. Additional split field exposures show that the presence of the a.c. field or the d.c. field alone does not produce an effect. This is consistent with a proposed parametric resonance theory of interaction of low intensity magnetic fields with biological systems (L. L. Lednev (1991) Bioelectromagnetics 12, 71-75), which predicts the occurrence of biological effects at specific values for the frequency and field intensity of the ELF and static magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics in the Service of Medicine - Acceptance Speech on the Occasion of Receiving the d'Arsonval Medal. Bassett CAL Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p7-17 1992; Theoretical Controversy and Reconciliation. Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p1-2 1992 Investigation of AC-DC Magnetic Field Effects in Planar Phospholipid Bilayers. Durney CH; Kaminski M; Anderson AA; Brucknerlea C; Janata J; Rappaport C Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p19-33 1992 *Observations recently reported by others indicate that a combination of a weak dc magnetic field and extremely-low- frequency ac magnetic field can produce resonant effects in biological systems. We report measurements of the effects of combined dc and ac magnetic fields on the dc current through channel-free planar phospholipid membranes. The combined dc-ac magnetic fields did affect the dc current through planar phospholipid membranes, but not in every membrane, and not consistently at the same values of magnetic flux density and frequency. None of our measurements showed resonant response akin to the cyclotron-like resonance reported in diatoms [Smith et al., 1987] and lymphocytes [Liboff et al., 1987]. Magnetic Field Exposure Assessment for Adult Residents of Maine Who Live Near and Far Away from Overhead Transmission Lines. Kavet R; Silva JM; Thornton D Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p35-55 1992 *Sixty-Hz magnetic field exposures were measured for 45 adult residents of Maine. Thirty of the subjects resided near rights- of-way (ROWs) with either 345- and 115-kV transmission lines, or ROWs with only 115-kV transmission lines; fifteen resided far from any transmission lines. Personal exposure data for a single 24-hour period was acquired with the EMDEX. The EMDEX's event- marker button was used to partition exposures into Home and Away components. Also, three area measurements were taken for each subject during the personal exposure measurement period: 1) 24-hr fixed-site bedroom measurement with a second EMDEX; 2) Spot measurements in at least three rooms of every residence; and 3) Spot measurements outside each residence. Residence near transmission lines highly loaded during the measurement period was associated with increased Home and Total exposure relative to a far-away population. Average exposure level while away from home was uniform (at about 2 mG) throughout the study population. On a quantitative level, Home exposure was correlated equivalently with Spot-In (r = .70) and the 24- hr fixed site measurement (r = .68). Correlations of area measurements with Total exposure were weaker because of the dilution effect of Away exposure (r = .64 for Spot-In; r = .61 for 24-h Bedroom). Away and Home exposures were not correlated (r = .14), which reinforced our confidence that the participants used the EMDEX correctly. The data suggest the need for caution before inferences are drawn about total personal exposure from area measurements. The study demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining valid measures of magnetic-field exposure with the personal exposure monitors that have been developed. Single vs Repeated Microwave Exposure - Effects on Benzodiazepine Receptors in the Brain of the Rat. Lai H; Carino MA; Horita A; Guy AW Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p57-66 1992 *We studied the effects of single (45 min) and repeated (ten daily 45-min sessions) microwave exposures (2450-MHz, 1 mW/cm2, average whole-body SAR of 0.6 W/kg, pulsed at 500 pps with pulse width of 2-mu-s) on the concentration and affinity of benzodiazepine receptors in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of the rat. We used a receptor-binding assay with H-3- flunitrazepam as ligand. Immediately after a single exposure, an increase in the concentration of receptor was observed in the cerebral cortex, but no significant effect was observed in the hippocampus or cerebellum. No significant change in binding affinity of the receptors was observed in any of the brain- regions studied. In rats subjected to repeated exposures, no significant change in receptor concentration was found in the cerebral cortex immediately after the last exposure, which may indicate an adaptation to repeated exposures. Our data also show that handling and exposure procedures in our experiments did not significantly affect benzodiazepine receptors in the brain. Because benzodiazepine receptors in the brain are responsive to anxiety and stress, our data support the hypothesis that low- intensity microwave irradiation can be a source of stress. Sex-Linked Recessive Lethal Test of Drosophila-Melanogaster After Exposure to 50-Hz Magnetic Fields. Otaka Y; Kitamura S; Furuta M; Shinohara A Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p67-74 1992 *To determine whether a 50-Hz magnetic field will induce mutations, a sex-linked recessive lethal test of Drosophila melanogaster was performed. Adult flies were exposed at an rms flux density of 500-mu-T or 5 mT to the homogeneous field of a Helmholtz coil. The ambient field to which controls were exposed was less than 1-mu-T. Exposures took place continuously for 13 to 14 days, which correspond to the life cycle of Drosophila at 25- degrees- C. About 10,000 X-chromosomes were tested at each flux density. Recessive lethal mutation rates of 0.13, 0.21, and 0.18 percent were observed, respectively, for control, 500-mu-T, and 5-mT conditions. By the Kastenbaum-Bowman significance test, the recessive lethal mutation rates in the 500-mu-T and 5-mT conditions did not differ from the mutation rate of controls. Microwave-Specific Heating Affects Gene Expression. Saffer JD; Profenno LA Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (1) p75-78 1992 *The effects of low-level microwave radiation on gene expression in Escherichia coli have been examined in a sensitive model. We confirm the previously reported existence of an increase in beta- galactosidase expression by microwave radiation-an increase not duplicated by bulk heating. However, the effect was not frequency dependent and appeared to be due to heating effects peculiar to microwaves. These results indicate that small thermal gradients may be a source of biological effects of non- ionizing radiation. Electrical States in the Rabbit Brain Can Be Altered by Light and Electromagnetic Fields. Bell G; Marino A; Chesson A; Struve F Brain Research; 570 (1-2) p307-315 JAN 20 1992 *The effect of low-frequency magnetic fields on the rabbit electroencephalograph (EEG) was studied using a quantitative procedure that permitted statistical evaluation of the response of individual animals. The field conditions used were those predicted by various theories to result in field-animal interactions; light and sham exposure were employed as positive and negative controls, respectively. Sixty-seven percent of the rabbits exhibited changes in the EEG power spectra when light was presented in 2-s epochs; none of the animals responded to sham exposure. When 1 Gauss, 5 Hz, was presented in 2-s epochs, 100% of the animals tested responded to the presence of the field. The rabbits did not respond when the magnetic-field frequency was higher than the physiological range (1-20 Hz) or when it was tuned for resonance of K+. The results showed that an electrical state function may be operationally defined for the rabbit brain, and used to assess the occurrence of an interaction between an animal and external magnetic fields. Effect of a Magnetic Field on Ascorbate System in Mice. Gonet B Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR; 23 (4) p239- 245 1991 *The effect exerted on the ascorbate system due to the exposure of mice to the constant magnetic field associated with MRI methods has been examined. The mice were exposed to magnetic field 1.00 T strength for 0.2 h, 3 h, or 24 h. The ascorbyl free radical in tissues was measured in vitro, which in vivo corresponds to the level of ascorbic acid. Only in a group of mice where the ascorbyl free radical was measured 24 h following their exposure to magnetic field 1.00 T strength for 24 hours, was the level of free radical in tissues significantly decreased. Study of the Effects on DNA of Electromagnetic Fields Using Clamped Homogeneous Electric Field Gel Electrophoresis. Novelli G; Gennarelli M; Potenza L; Angeloni P; Dallapiccola B Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy; 45 (10) p451-454 1991 *A clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) electrophoresis allowing the separation of DNA molecules in the range of 200 to 3000 kb in size was used to study the biological effects of electric and magnetic fields (EMFs). The results obtained did not show any detectable genomic damage on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Admissions of Patients with Epileptic Seizures (E) and Dizziness (D) Related to Geomagnetic and Solar Activity Levels - Differences in Female and Male Patients. Stoupel E; Martfel J; Rotenberg Z Medical Hypotheses; 36 (4) p384-388 DEC 1991 *Admissions of 762 patients for epileptic seizures and 1553 for dizziness were studied for the connection with the level of monthly and yearly solar activity in the 11-year solar cycle and with four levels of daily geomagnetic activity levels (400 epileptic patients and 802 patients suffering with dizziness). The most significant differences of the studied groups were in the male/female ratio in different conditions of solar and geomagnetic activity. Changes in the group of epileptic patients were accompanied by similar, but adverse changes in the group suffering from dizziness. Different conditions of responses of females and males to environmental changes can explain the demonstrated results. Electric Power, Pineal Function, and the Risk of Breast Cancer. Stevens RG; Davis S; Thomas DB; Anderson LE; Wilson BW FASEB Journal; 6 (3) p853-860 FEB 1 1992 *Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women in the industrialized world, and the rates of breast cancer incidence are rising. Although risk is high in industrialized societies, it is low in nonindustrialized areas. The search for the causes of breast cancer has not yet yielded a convincing explanation for the geographic and temporal patterns in the occurrence of breast cancer. Generation of electric power is a hallmark of industrialization, and two products of electric power, light-at-night (LAN) and electromagnetic fields (EMF), may affect breast cancer risk. Exposure to either LAN or EMF can decrease production of melatonin by the pineal gland. Melatonin, in turn, has been shown to suppress mammary tumorigenesis in experimental animals. Moreover, recent epidemiological findings indicate an increased risk of breast cancer in workers occupationally exposed to EMF. On the basis of these considerations, it is proposed that the use of electrical power accounts, in part, for the higher risks of breast cancer in industrialized societies. Magnetic Field Effects on Pineal Indoleamine Metabolism and Possible Biological Consequences. Reiter RJ; Richardson BA FASEB Journal; 6 (6) p2283-2287 MAR 1992 *In recent years, there has been a great deal of publicity concerning the possible health effects of electric and/or magnetic field exposure. One of the most frequently reported observations after the exposure of animals to either electric or magnetic fields relates to alterations in the metabolism of serotonin (5HT) to melatonin within the pineal gland. This review summarizes these results particularly in animals exposed to intermittently inverted, non-time varying magnetic fields, i.e., pulsed static magnetic fields. When exposure occurs at night, the conversion of 5HT to melatonin is typically depressed, not unlike that after light exposure at night. The mechanisms by which pulsed magnetic fields alter the ability of the pineal to convert 5HT to the chief pineal hormone melatonin remains unknown but may involve effects on any or all of the following: the retinas, the suprachiasmatic nuclei, the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and the pinealocytes. Results to date suggest that induced electrical currents (eddy currents) produced by the pulsed magnetic fields are particularly detrimental to pineal indoleamine metabolism and may be an important causative factor in the metabolic changes measured. The physiological consequences of perturbations in the melatonin rhythm induced by magnetic field exposure remain unknown. Some Biophysical Aspects of the Genetic Effect of Low- Intensity Millimeter Waves. Belyaev IY Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (1) p11-18 FEB 1992 Influence of Magnetic Fields on Phagocyte Activation. Bochev P; Bechev B; Magrisso M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (1) p45-48 FEB 1992 Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer - The Epidemiologic Evidence. Bates MN Environmental Health Perspectives; 95 (NOV) p147-156 NOV 1991 *This paper reviews the epidemiologic evidence that low frequency electromagnetic fields generated by alternating current may be a cause of cancer. Studies examining residential exposures of children and adults and studies of electrical and electronics workers are reviewed. Using conventional epidemiologic criteria for inferring causal associations, including strength and consistency of the relationship, biological plausibility, and the possibility of bias as an explanation, it is concluded that the evidence is strongly suggestive that such radiation is carcinogenic. The evidence is strongest for brain and central nervous system cancers in electrical workers and children. Weaker evidence supports an association with leukemia in electrical workers. Some evidence also exists for an association with melanoma in electrical workers. Failure to find consistent evidence of a link between residential exposures and adult cancers may be attributable to exposure misclassification. Studies so far have used imperfect surrogates for any true biologically effective magnetic field exposure. The resulting exposure misclassification has produced relative risk estimates that understate any true risk. Airway Response to Electrical Field Stimulation in Sensitized Inbred Mice - Passive Transfer of Increased Responsiveness with Peribronchial Lymph Nodes. Larsen GL; Renz H; Loader JE; Bradley KL; Gelfand EW Journal of Clinical Investigation; 89 (3) p747-752 MAR 1992 *We have examined the effects of repeated exposure to antigen on airway responses to cholinergic stimulation in two inbred strains of mice that are similar in underlying cholinergic airway responsiveness, yet differ in their ability to produce IgE. Both BALB/c and SJL/J mice were repeatedly exposed to ovalbumin by inhalation for a 10-d period. While the BALB/c mice developed IgE antibody to this allergen, the SJL/J strain failed to mount an appreciable IgE response. In vitro assessments of the response of tracheal smooth muscle from saline exposed mice (controls) of both strains demonstrated responses to both methacholine and electrical field stimulation that were not significantly different between the strains. Following exposure to ovalbumin, the BALB/c strain developed a significant increase in their response to electrical field stimulation, while their response to methacholine was unaltered. In contrast, the in vitro responsiveness to these stimuli did not increase in SJL/J mice following similar exposure to inhaled nebulized ovalbumin. The passive transfer of cells from the peribronchial lymph nodes of ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice into syngeneic nonimmune mice also led to increases in responsiveness of tracheal smooth muscle to electrical field stimulation. In contrast, transfer of cells from nonsensitized mice did not alter responsiveness. These results suggest that murine species capable of developing an IgE response to allergen also develop alterations in the neural control of their airways. Further, this alteration appears to be lymphocyte dependent, in that cells found within peribronchial lymph nodes following allergen exposure are capable of transferring this increase in responsiveness to nonimmune mice. On the Effect of Atmosphere Electricity on Human Organism. Arabadzhi VI Biofizika; 36 (5) p919 SEP-OCT 1991 Interpretation is given of the effect of volume density of electric charge in the atmosphere air near the Earth on increased mortality of humans at 4-10 and 19-20 o'clock local time. The Non-Exponential Decay Pattern of the Weak Luminescence from Seedlings of Cicer- Arietinum L Stimulated by Pulsating Electric Fields. Mathew BG; Kumar S Experientia; 48 (3) p309-310 MAR 15 1992 *Our experiments have shown that the response of etiolated seedlings of Cicer arietinum L. to an externally applied pulsating electric field involves a weak luminescence, the intensity of which follows a non-exponential decay pattern. Na,K-ATPase Function in Alternating Electric Fields. Blank M FASEB Journal; 6 (7) p2434- 2438 APR 1992 *Alternating currents affect ion transport processes and ATP splitting through changes in the activation of the membrane Na,K- ATPase. Both processes vary with the frequency, and the effective range includes the environmental 60 Hz. ATP splitting by Na,K- ATPase suspensions decreases for the enzyme under normal conditions, with the maximum effect at 100 Hz. ATP splitting increases when the enzyme activity is lowered to less than half its optimal value by changes in temperature, ouabain concentration, etc. These observations can be explained by the effects of the ionic currents on ion binding at the enzyme activation sites. Such a mechanism could account for the effects of electromagnetic fields on cells, as the transmembrane enzyme can convey the effect of an extracellular signal into the cell via ionic fluxes, and the measured threshold field is within the range of reported biological effects. Transcription in Drosophila-Melanogaster Salivary Gland Cells Is Altered Following Exposure to Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields - Analysis of Chromosome 3R. Goodman R; Weisbrot D; Uluc A; Henderson A Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (2) p111-118 1992 *The use of the transcription autoradiographic method permits identification of nascent RNA chains directly on identifiable regions of Drosophila salivary gland chromosomes. Changes in transcriptional activity at 13 defined regions of the right arm of chromosome 3 (3R) were observed following 20-min exposures of salivary glands to five different extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic (EM) fields. Changes in translational patterns were also induced by the ELF EM fields in exposed cells. Differences included an increase in over-all polypeptide synthesis as well as in the number of polypeptides resolved in cells exposed to EM fields. Modification of Membrane Fluidity in Melanin-Containing Cells by Low-Level Microwave Radiation. Phelan AM; Lange DG; Kues HA; Lutty GA Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (2) p131-146 1992 *The treatment of a B16 melanoma cell line with 2.45-GHz pulsed microwaves (10 mW/cm2, 10-mu-s pulses at 100 pps, 1- h exposure; SAR, 0.2 W/kg) resulted in changes of membrane ordering as measured by EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) reporter techniques. The changes reflected a shift from a more fluid-like phase to a more solid (ordered) state of the cell membrane. Exposure of artificially prepared liposomes that were reconstituted with melanin produced similar results. In contrast, neither B16 melanoma cells treated with 5-Bromo-2- Deoxyuridine (3-mu-g/day x 7 days) to render them amelanotic, nor liposomes prepared without melanin, exhibited the microwave-facilitated increase of ordering. Inhibition of the ordering was achieved by the use of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which strongly implicates oxygen radicals as a cause of the membrane changes. The data indicate that a significant, specific alteration of cell-membrane ordering followed microwave exposure. This alteration was unique to melanotic membranes and was due, at least in part, to the generation of oxygen radicals. Calcium Binding to Metallochromic Dyes and Calmodulin in the Presence of Combined, AC- DC Magnetic Fields. Brucknerlea C; Durney CH; Janata J; Rappaport C; Kaminski M Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (2) p147-162 1992 *The possibility that weak, ac and dc magnetic fields in combination may affect binding equilibria of calcium-ions (Ca2+) was investigated with two metallochromic dyes as calcium- binding molecules: murexide and arsenazo III. Calcium-dye equilibria were followed by measuring solution absorbances with a fiber-optic spectrophotometer. A Ca2+- arsenazo solution was also used indirectly to monitor the binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin. Parallel, ac and dc magnetic fields were applied to each preparation. The ac magnetic field was held constant during each of a series of experiments at a frequency in the range between 50 and 120 Hz (sine wave) or at 50 pps (square wave) and at an rms flux density in the range between 65 and 156- mu-T. The dc magnetic field was then varied from 0 to 299-mu-T at 1.3-mu-T increments. The magnetic fields did not measurably affect equilibria in the binding of metallochromic dyes or calmodulin to Ca2+. An Analysis of Associations Between Social Class and Ambient Magnetic Fields in Metropolitan Melbourne. Salzberg MR; Farish SJ; Delpizzo V Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (2) p163-167 1992 *In the course of a study on residential magnetic-field exposure, some incidental data were obtained that bear on the issue of confounding of magnetic field exposure by social class. We have explored the possibility that the magnetic flux density of 50 Hz fields measured in Melbourne streets is correlated with a number of variables that index the socio-economic status of the neighborhood. We have examined also for a correlation between field- intensity levels and sums of some or all of the indicators, which were weighted to provide an overall score on socio- economic status. Although some of the indexes were weakly, but significantly, correlated with environmental levels of magnetic fields, the combined indices were not. These results indicate that socio-economic status is not likely to be a confounder in epidemiological studies of residential exposure to ELF magnetic fields in Melbourne. ELF Exposure Facility for Human Testing. Cohen HD; Graham C; Cook MR; Phelps JW Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p169-182 1992 *A laboratory facility specifically designed for controlled human exposure to 60-Hz electric (0 to 16 kV/m) and magnetic (0 to 32 A/m, B = 0 to 40-mu-T) fields has been constructed. The facility presents uniform fields under controlled temperature and humidity. Special control systems allow collection of physiological data during, as well as before and after, exposure to electric fields at strength to 16 kV/m under verified double- blind control. Exposure to continous or intermittent fields is possible in the facility. The capability of obtaining physiological data during actual exposure to constant or intermittent, 60-Hz fields, and of doing so without either the subject or the experimenter being aware of actual field conditions, is a critical factor in valid experimentation. ELF Invitro Exposure Systems for Inducing Uniform Electric and Magnetic Fields in Cell Culture Media. Bassen H; Litovitz T; Penafiel M; Meister R Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p183- 198 1992 *Many in vitro experiments on the biological effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields utilize a uniform external magnetic flux density (B) to expose biological materials. A significant number of researchers do not measure or estimate the resulting electric field strength (E) or current density (J) in the sample medium. The magnitude and spatial distribution of the induced E field are highly dependent on the sample geometry and its relative orientation with respect to the magnetic field. We have studied the E fields induced in several of the most frequently used laboratory culture dishes and flasks under various exposure conditions. Measurements and calculations of the E field distributions in the aqueous sample volume in the containers were performed, and a set of simple, quantitative tables was developed. These tables allow a biological researcher to determine, in a straightforward fashion, the magnitudes and distributions of the electric fields that are induced in the aqueous sample when it is subjected to a uniform, sinusoidal magnetic field of known strength and frequency. In addition, we present a novel exposure technique based on a standard organ culture dish containing two circular, concentric annular rings. Exposure of the organ culture dish to a uniform magnetic field induces different average electric fields in the liquid medium in the inner and outer rings. Results of experiments with this system, which were reported in a separate paper, have shown the dominant role of the magnetically induced E field in producing specific biological effects on cells, in vitro. These results emphasize the need to report data about the induced E field in ELF in-vitro studies, involving magnetic field exposures. Our data tables on E and J in standard containers provide simple means to enable determination of these parameters. An Integrated ELF Magnetic-Field Generator and Incubator for Long-Term Invitro Studies. Jones RA; Sheppard AR Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p199-207 1992 *Long-term studies of the effects of low-frequency magnetic fields on cells in culture require an incubator that is free of contaminating magnetic fields and that provides automatic control of exposure duration, uniform applied fields, a uniform and well- controlled environmental temperature, and high reliability of the total system. We describe a dual-incubator system in which the enclosed solenoid of either unit can provide a sham exposure while the other generates a magnetic induction of up to 500-mu- T. Each solenoid-incubator unit contains an enclosed rack that can hold as many as 140 petri dishes for culturing cells; each unit is heated radiantly by circulating warm water. Field- exposure conditions and temperatures are continously monitored and controlled by a microcomputer. Measurement of Magnetically Induced Electric Fields in Conductive Media Near a 60-Hz Current-Carrying Wire. Robertsondemers KA; Miller DL Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p209- 221 1992 *Electric fields induced in a conductive body by the magnetic field of a current-carrying wire were analyzed theoretically and experimentally to assess the dosimetric importance of highly nonuniform, field-exposure conditions. Experimentation revealed that a 60-Hz magnetic field was inversely proportional to the radius of a wire bundle carrying 100 A within a 0.5-m2 test area. A miniaturized electric field probe was used to measure the electric fields induced in 5- cm-deep, saline-filled models. In the theoretical analysis, numerical estimates of induced fields were made by a spreadsheet method. The theoretical calculations and the measured values of induced electric fields were generally in good agreement. The induced fields were in a plane perpendicular to a vertically incident magnetic field; the maximally induced fields were in areas nearest the wire bundle. The strength of the induced field increased with model size: from 96-mu-V/cm in a 10 x 10 cm model to 176-mu-V/cm in a 40 x 40 cm model. The strength of the field induced in a 20 x 20 cm model decreased with increasing model-to-wire spacing: from 132-mu-V/cm for a 1-cm spacing (2-mT maximum, incident field) to 50-mu-V/cm for a 6-cm spacing (0.33-mT maximum). The results indicate that increases in local values of nonuniformly incident fields produce relatively small increases in induced electric fields. This finding may be important in dosimetric consideration of circumstances, such as use of electric blankets, in which fields of low average strength are accompanied by intense local fields. Development of Chicken Embryos Following Exposure to 60-Hz Magnetic Fields with Differing Waveforms. Martin AH Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p223-230 1992 *Previous studies in my laboratory have revealed a reproducible and statistically significant increase in the number of malformations in live chicken embryos that had been exposed during the first 48 h of incubation to a pulsed magnetic field (unipolar pulses, 100-pps, 1-mu-T peak density). In marked contrast, no adverse effect was seen following similar exposure to 60-Hz, bipolar, unipolar, or split-sine waves at 3-mu-T peak- to-peak. In the four experiments comprising the present study, differences in the numbers of malformations between control and experimental groups were not statistically significant. Field- free incubation for an additional 72 h after exposure to a bipolar sine wave for 48 h resulted in an increase in normal live embryos in both control and treated groups. Criticism of Lednev's Mechanism for the Influence of Weak Magnetic Fields on Biological Systems. Adair RK Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p231-235 1992 *V. V. Lednev has proposed a mechanism that he suggests would allow very weak magnetic fields, at the cyclotron resonance frequency for Ca2+ ions in the earth's field, to induce biological effects. I show that for four independent reasons no such mechanism can operate. Opioid Receptor Subtypes That Mediate a Microwave-Induced Decrease in Central Cholinergic Activity in the Rat. Lai H; Carino MA; Horita A; Guy AW Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (3) p237- 246 1992 *We performed experiments to investigate subtypes of opioid receptors in the brain involved in the effect of acute (45 min) pulsed microwave exposure (2,450-MHz, 2-mu-s pulses, 500 pps, average power density 1 mW/cm2, peak-power density, 1 W/cm2, average whole body SAR 0.6 W/kg) on cholinergic activity in the rat brain. Rats were pretreated by microinjection of specific antagonists of mu, delta, and kappa-opioid-receptors into the lateral cerebroven-tricle before exposure to microwaves. The data showed that all three subtypes of opioid receptors are involved in the microwave-induced decrease in cholinergic activity in the hippocampus. However, the microwave- induced decrease in cholinergic activity in the frontal cortex was not significantly affected by any of the drug treatments, confirming our previous conclusion that the effect of microwaves on the frontal cortex is not mediated by endogenous opioids. Are the Stray 60-Hz Electromagnetic Fields Associated with the Distribution and Use of Electric Power a Significant Cause of Cancer. Jackson JD Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; 89 (8) p3508-3510 APR 15 1992 *The putative causal relation between ambient low-frequency (50 or 60 Hz) electromagnetic fields (necessarily present in living and working environments because of our ever increasing use of electrical devices) and cancer, especially leukemia, can be tested on the large scale by examining historical data on the growth of the generation and consumption of electric power since 1900 and corresponding data on cancer death and incidence rates. The United States per capita generation and residential consumption of electric power have grown roughly exponentially since 1900; total per capita generation has increased by a factor of 10 since 1940, and per capita residential consumption has increased by a factor of 20 in the same period. The ubiquitous stray fields from power distribution lines and internal and external wiring in buildings have grown in the same proportions. In contrast to the explosive increase in the generation and use of electricity, the age-adjusted cancer death rate for the population as a whole shows only a slight rise since 1900. When respiratory cancers (largely caused by tobacco use) are subtracted, the remaining death rate has actually fallen since 1940. That the death rate may have fallen because of better diagnosis and treatment, despite a rising incidence rate, is not substantiated, especially for leukemia, including childhood leukemia, where the incidence rate has been constant or declining slightly for the past 25 yr. The absence of any appreciable change in the national cancer incidence rates during a period in which residential use of electric power has increased dramatically shows that the associated stray 50- or 60-Hz electromagnetic fields pose no significant hazard to the average individual. Seasonal Changes of Mans Constant Electric Field in Various Age Groups. Zatsepina GN; Lukyanov EA; Tulsky SV; Peshkova LV Biofizika; 37 (1) p101-104 JAN-FEB 1992 *Seasonal changes of the constant electric field of healthy people of various age groups were studied. The constant electric field was shown to be characterized by a fine structure of distribution of electric potential differences (EPD) along the skin in relation to a referent point located on the neck in the intersection region of trapeziform and clavicular-nipple muscles. The constant electric field of the people of all ages undergoes seasonal changes involving displacement of all EPD values to the positive region during autumn-winter period as compared to the spring-summer one. It is suggested that such EPD change is conditioned by a change of the organism metabolic activity. The discovered differences in EPD displacement values of various age groups can serve as physiological characteristics of transitional processes in the growing organisms. No Risk of Cancer from Electromagnetic Fields. Connor S British Medical Journal; 304 (6832) p938-939 APR 11 1992 Non-Ionizing Radiation Safety - Radiofrequency Radiation, Electric and Magnetic Fields. Bernhardt JH Physics in Medicine and Biology; 37 (4) p807-844 APR 1992 Health Effects of Low-Level Electromagnetic Fields - Phantom or Not-So-Phantom Risk. Foster KR Health Physics; 62 (5) p429-435 MAY 1992 *The possibility of subtle hazards from weak nonionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has been controversial for many years, shifting over a range of issues without resolution. The confusion arises partly from the weak evidence for hazard and partly from the inconsistent and speculative nature of some of the bioeffects literature. More attention is needed to define ways to resolve the issues. Electric and/or Magnetic Field Effects on DNA Structure and Function in Cultured Human Cells. Fiorani M; Cantoni O; Sestili P; Conti R; Nicolini P; Vetrano F; Dacha M Mutation Research; 282 (1) p25-29 MAY 1992 *Exposure of cultured K562 cells to 50 Hz electric (0.2-20 kV/m), magnetic (0.002-2 G), or combined electric and magnetic fields for up to 24 h did not result in the production of detectable DNA lesions, as assayed by the filter elution technique. The rate of cell growth was also unaffected as well as the intracellular ATP and NAD+ levels. These results indicate that, under the experimental conditions utilized in this study, 50 Hz electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields are not geno- and cyto-toxic in cultured mammalian cells. Magnetic Influences on Fetus and Infant as Reason for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - A New Testable Hypothesis. Eckert EE Medical Hypotheses; 38 (1) p66-69 MAY 1992 *The hypothesis is based upon: aa) My observed clustering of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) cases at places with abnormal geomagnetic fields (GMF) and/or electromagnetic fields (EMF); b) recorded GMF with pulsations matching the breathing frequencies of infants; c) the reported immature development of increased dendritic spine density in the brain stem of SIDS cases and; d) the increased dendrite arborization in the brains of rats exposed to magnetic fields (MF). The hypothesis consists of two parts: 1. AA disturbed GMF in the residence or surroundings of aa pregnant woman may interrupt the normal development of the central organ which controls respiration (brain stem) of the fetus. This is termed the 'Selection Factor'. 2. If such an infant with aa functional disturbance of the control organ is then exposed to aa GMF or EMF with pulsations similar to his own breathing frequency, but inverted in phase, value, form etc then the vital nerve impulses from the respiration control organ to the breathing organs may be disturbed or blocked with fatal effect. This is termed the 'Trigger Factor'. The elements of the 'Selection Factor' and the 'Trigger Factor' together produce SIDS. AA program to test such aa supposed 'Trigger Factor' is included. Basic Applications of Electric Fields on Biological Cells. Berg H Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (2) p89-97 APR 1992 *Selected examples of different methods of using electric and electromagnetic field effects are compared and some directions for further development are indicated. Use of Electric Blankets and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer. Stevens RG American Journal of Epidemiology; 135 (7) p834-835 APR 1 1992; - Reply. Vena JE; Graham S American Journal of Epidemiology; 135 (7) p835 APR 1 1992 Influence of Alternating Electric Field of Industrial Frequency on Testicles of White Mice. Ivanova LA; Kartashev AG Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal; 37 (6) p71-78 NOV-DEC 1991 *Under the chronical influence of the alternating electric field (intensity 40 kV/m, frequency 50 Hz) the oppression of spermatogenesis was observed in the ontogenesis process of testicles of white mice. It was a result of disturbances in spermatogones and spermatids. Investigation of the stability of mice testicles in different age groups (juvenile, puberal and old) has shown that the 1st and the 3d groups are the most sensitive ones. Epidemiologic Studies on Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer. Jauchem JR American Journal of Public Health; 82 (6) p897-898 JUN 1992 Cancer of Breast Among Men in Electrical Occupations. Loomis DP Lancet; 339 (8807) p1482-1483 JUN 13 1992 Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields and Risk of Childhood Leukemia. Bracken MB American Journal of Epidemiology; 135 (9) p1069-1070 MAY 1 1992 Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields and Risk of Childhood Leukemia and Case-Control Study of Childhood Cancer and Exposure to 60-Hz Magnetic Fields. Mundt KA American Journal of Epidemiology; 135 (9) p1070-1071 MAY 1 1992; - Reply. Savitz DA American Journal of Epidemiology; 135 (9) p1071-1073 MAY 1 1992; - Reply. London SJ; Thomas DC; Sobel EE; Bowman JD; Peters JM American Journal of Epidemiology; 135 (9) p1073-1075 MAY 1 1992 Diatom Response to Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields. Parkinson WC; Sulik GL Radiation Research; 130 (3) p319-330 JUN 1992 Alterations of the Circadian Melatonin Rhythm by the Electromagnetic Spectrum - A Study in Environmental Toxicology. Reiter RJ Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology; 15 (3) p226- 244 JUN 1992 Lymphocytes and Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Cadossi R; Bersani F; Cossarizza A; Zucchini P; Emilia G; Torelli G; Franceschi C FASEB Journal; 6 (9) p2667-2674 JUN 1992 *Human lymphocytes have been used by several researchers to investigate the biological effect of electromagnetic fields (EMF). EMF modulate the response by lymphocytes to lectin stimulation. The size and direction of the effect depends both on the lymphocyte physiology and on the physical parameters characterizing the EMF. Lymphocytes have also been used to investigate the genotoxicity of EMP exposure. Normalization of Abnormal Cell Proliferation by Means of Electric Currents. Vodovnik L; Miklavcic D; Sersa G Periodicum Biologorum; 94 (1) p13-16 MAY 1992 *There is ample evidence that the application of diverse electric currents (direct currents and low frequency alternating currents) induces or accelerates healing of chronic wounds such as decubitus ulcers or wounds due to vascular diseases, e.g. in diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, there is also reasonably well documented evidence that externally applied electric currents may retard the growth of tumors. Since in the case of wound healing electric currents seem to induce and/or accelerate, whereas in cancer the same currents seem to inhibit cell division, we are left with diametrically different actions of externally applied electric currents and associated electric fields within the tissue tending to >>normalize<< the proliferation mechanisms of the cell. In this article we propose a hypothesis which offers an explanation for the >>normalizing<< effect of electric currents on cell proliferation. Effect of Pulsed Magnetic Field on Erythrocytes Polyamine Levels in Tumoral C3H/Bi Mice. Bellossi A; Moulinoux JP; Quemener V; Desplaces A Cancer Journal; 5 (3) p146-148 MAY- JUN 1992 *C3H/Bi female mice develop viral mammary carcinoma. In this experimental animal model the evolution of the disease has been previously found to be sensitive to a 460 Hz 6 mT pulsed magnetic field (PMF). Abnormally high red blood cell (RBC) polyamine levels have been observed in mice with malignant grafts. In this study 31 C3H/Bi tumoral mice were exposed to a 460 Hz PMF 10 min a day, 3 days a week, for one to 6 weeks, 2 weeks after the tumors had become visible. Thirty-two tumor-bearing mice were used as controls. There was no significant difference between the RBC polyamine levels in the controls and those in the exposed mice. Nevertheless, the RBC spermine levels were always lower when the mice had been exposed. Moreover the RBC spermidine levels, considered as chaotic dynamic systems, were different in the controls and in the exposed mice, proliferation being restrained in the latter group. Effect of a 12 HZ and of a 460 HZ Pulsed Magnetic Field on the Weight of AKR Mice. Bellossi A Biotherapy; 4 (4) p277-283 JUN 1992 *AKR mice were exposed to a 6 mT, 12 Hz or 460 Hz pulsed magnetic field (PMF) 30 minutes twice a week. The exposure took place in utero and/or during the life span for four consecutive generations. The adult mice exposed to the 460 Hz PMF only after the birth time were lighter than the controls; for the two frequencies the decrease in weight with the ageing was less pronounced than in the controls. When the exposure took place in utero the exposed new-born mice were heavier than the controls. The difference in weight progressively disappeared when the mice were exposed to the 12 Hz PMF. persisted when the mice were exposed to the 460 Hz PMF. Magnetic Field Influence on Acetylcholine Release at the Neuromuscular Junction. Rosen AD American Journal of Physiology; 262 (6) pC1418-C1422 JUN 1992 *The effects of a static magnetic field on the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs), recorded from the murine phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation, were studied. In the presence of a 1,200-G field, statistically significant changes in MEPP frequency were observed. There was a modest increase in frequency at temperatures at and below 34-degrees-C and a prominent decrease in frequency at temperatures above 35-degrees- C. This temperature- dependent phenomenon was not seen in the absence of calcium in the perfusate. These results suggest that, at its phase transition temperature, the diamagnetic anisotropy of the presynaptic membrane is sufficient to influence neurotransmitter release by altering the function of the transmembrane calcium transfer mechanism. Electrical Field Effects on Crushed Nerve Regeneration. Kerns JM; Lucchinetti C Experimental Neurology; 117 (1) p71-80 JUL 1992 The Stimulatory Effect of Magnetic Fields on Regeneration of the Rat Sciatic Nerve Is Frequency Dependent. Rusovan A; Kanje M; Mild KH Experimental Neurology; 117 (1) p81- 84 JUL 1992 Current Concepts of the Interaction of Weak Electromagnetic Fields with Cells. Glaser R Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p255-268 JUN 1992 *The interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological systems must be considered not as a result of the influence of a foreign energy (as in the case of ionizing radiations), but as a modification of the proper electric in-vivo structure of the biological system. This structure indicates the same structural hierarchy (atomic, molecular, cellular, organismic) as that known from the morphological point of view. According to this, effects are possible on the basis of quantum mechanics as well as on the basis of the dipolar orientation of molecules, double-layer structures and modifications of systems of ionic equilibria. Considering the time constants of these effects, the frequencies used for medical treatments today are in no way the best possible, but just predicted by technical conditions. It is recommended that the frequency region of 10(3)-10(7) Hz be used. The frequently observed effects of pulsed (or modulated) electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are understandable if one considers that the carrier frequency will produce the primary physical reactions and that the low-frequency oscillations of these reactions which are produced by the low-frequency modulation will come into resonance with biological reactions. Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Induce Premature Terminal Differentiation of Invitro Cultured Human Skin and Lung Fibroblasts. Rodemann HP; Wecke P; Jaeschke M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p269-280 JUN 1992 *In order to investigate the effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the differentiation process of cultured fibroblasts, human skin (cell strain HH-8) and lung fibroblasts (cell strain WI-38) as well as SV40- transformed human lung fibroblasts (cell line WI-38/SV40) were exposed (2 X 6 h per day) to biphasic electromagnetic fields (EMF; 20 Hz, 6 mT) for up to 21 days. As analysed by cell biological (cell type frequencies), biochemical (collagen synthesis) and molecular markers (expression of protein PIVa), both human skin and lung fibroblasts were induced to differentiate prematurely into irreversible postmitotic cells of the terminal cell type PMFVI within 1- 2 cell division cycles. EMF-induced PMFVI-type fibroblasts are characterized by the same morphological, biochemical and molecular markers as spontaneously arising PMF- type cells. Prematurely arising EMF-induced PMFVI-type cells showed a 10-13 fold enhanced synthesis of total collagen; PMFVI- specific changes in the content of interstitial collagen types I, III and V; as well as the PMFVI-cell type specific expression of protein markers of terminal differentiation, especially protein PIVa. EMF exposure of SV40-transformed human lung fibroblasts (cell line WI- 38/SV40) resulted in the terminal differentiation into postmitotic cell types of approximately only two-thirds of the cells. One-third of the SV40-transformed human lung fibroblasts were insensitive to EMF. Like untransformed control cells (WI-38), the EMF-induced post-mitotic WI- 38/SV40 cells showed enhanced total collagen synthesis. These results indicate that exposure of human skin and lung fibroblasts to low-frequency electromagnetic fields in vitro induces prematurely the differentiation into terminally differentiated postmitotic cells, which when occurring spontaneously seems to involve the repression of proto-oncogene c-fos. Mycotypha-Africana in Low-Level Athermic ELF Magnetic Fields - Changes in Growth Parameters. Broers D; Kraepelin G; Lamprecht I; Schulz O Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p281-291 JUN 1992 *The influence of low-level athermic magnetic fields on germination of the dimorphic fungus Mycotypha africana was investigated. A carrier frequency of 150 MHz was chosen for most experiments, modulated by low frequencies between 0.8 and 50 Hz. Magnetic flux densities varied between 0 and 1.20 nT. For a clear separation between magnetic and electric fields, a resonator tuned to form a standing wave of the chosen carrier frequency was used and the Petri dishes with cell cultures were placed in the appropriate positions. At some combinations of frequency and magnetic flux density stimulation of germination up to 30% was observed, while at other combinations inhibition was observed. Window effects in the frequency and flux density thus seem to govern the response to field exposure. Influence of Weak Nonthermic High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on the Membrane Potential of Nerve Cells. Kullnick U Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p293-304 JUN 1992 *Nerve cells of the snail Helix pomatia were subjected to high- frequency (159 MHz, 8.3 Hz modulated), non-thermic (maximum flux density 124-mu-T) electromagnetic fields. The effect of the fields on the membrane potential of various nerve cells was investigated. It was observed that short and unique Befeldungen 1 led to an alteration of the membrane potential of the neurons examined. The alteration almost always expressed itself as a long-term hyperpolarization of the resting potential. A clear connection between the negativity of the membrane potential of a nerve cell before the Befeldung and the strength of the hyperpolarization caused by the Befeldung was seen. As well as this effect, an alteration in the threshold of excitation of befeldet cells could be measured. Survey of Some Working Mechanisms of Pulsating Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF). Warnke U Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p317-320 JUN 1992 *PEMF-induced transmembrane transfer of H+ ions into blood vessel walls and the electrostriction phenomenon play a major role in the functioning of bioenergetic and receptor systems. This explains the following changes in our measured indicators of effects. (1) The pH is low, and hence pCO2 is high, in the capillaries where oxygen is separated from hemoglobin, which results in a high pO2 and dilatation moment in the arteries and veins. (2) A low pH in the cerebrospinal fluid (4th ventricle) and adjacent tissues increases the respiration amplitude. (3) A low pH in the vaguscenter reduces the heart beat frequency, and the pH determines the net charge of proteins and the level of enzyme activity. (4) A low pH in the vessel walls increases the sensitivity of the baroreceptors, which are stimulated by the microvibration due to mechanical electrostriction and which in consequence reduce the central sympathetic tonus. Therefore it appears that the transfer of hydrogen ions from blood to tissue is a primary working mechanism of our type of PEMF with the effects described above. The Treatment of Pathological Bone Lesion with Non-Thermal, Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Kraus W Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p321-339 JUN 1992 Can Low Frequency, Low Intensity Magnetic Fields Be Used in Cancer Treatment. Sauerwein W; Heselman I; Olthoff K; Sack H; Fuhrmann C; Steinberg F; Becker U; Zolzer F; Streffer C Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p347-359 JUN 1992 *In order to develop new therapeutic treatments for progressive malignant diseases, a clinical study was started in 1988 to determine whether the application of magnetic fields is able to cure cancer or to ameliorate the clinical situation of tumor patients. In parallel with this study, concomitant biological investigations have been carried out. Seventy-five patients were treated with a low intensity (4- 6 mT), low frequency (8 Hz, 20 Hz) magnetic field (MF). Additional in-vivo and in-vitro experiments were carried out under similar conditions. No effects on tumor growth, proliferation or metabolism could be shown. However, impressive pain relief, which may have been caused by MF, was observed in some patients. This observation needs further investigation. Nevertheless, low frequency, low intensity magnetic fields as used in our study are not likely to be an appropriate modality for treating tumors. Intensity-Dependent and Frequency-Dependent Effects of Microwaves on Cell Growth Rates. Grundler W Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p361-365 JUN 1992 Deformation on Normal and Fused Haematopoietic Blasts in ac Electric Fields. Gorczynska E; Coster HLG Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p373-379 JUN 1992 *Changes in the physical properties of a cell plasma membrane following electrically induced cell fusion have been studied alongside changes in the mechanical properties of the system. This allows direct comparison of the experimental results with the theory of the electromechanical stresses produced in the plasma membrane by electric fields. The geometrical deformation of K-562 cells (Ph+ haematopoietic blasts) and their fusates (produced by electric fusion of 2 or 3 K-562 cells) in ac electric fields has been investigated. For electric fields in the range 0-270000 V/m (at a frequency of 370 kHz) the eccentricity of both cells and fusates increased with field strength asymptotically. The effect of field strength on eccentricity was similar for cells and fusates. There was an almost linear relationship between the ratio of the major to the minor semi- axes of cells and fusates and the field strength. Smaller cells underwent larger deformations in an electric field. An increase in electric field intensity caused an increase in the surface area of cells and fusates while the volume of cells and fusates was independent of the field. For a given field strength, cell and fusate deformation increased with excitation frequency over the range 100-450 kHz, with a broad peak in the region 350-450 kHz, and was almost constant at higher frequencies. A time constant of approximately 15 s was obtained for deformation of K- 562 cells and two- and three-nuclei fusates. The dynamics of cell and fusate deformation indicates that 50 s after exposure to an electric field no additional changes in geometrical deformation occurred. For small deformations the restoring stress is probably dominated by the mechanical stress set up in the membrane. Employing Maxwell's tensor for the distorting force ensures consistency between theory and the experimental results. Existence of Selection Rules on Helicity During Discrete Transitions of the Genome Conformational State of E-Coli Cells Exposed to Low-Level Millimetre Radiation. Belyaev IY; Shcheglov VS; Alipov YD Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p405- 411 JUN 1992 *To study the influence of polarized electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on the genome conformational state of Escherichia coli cells exposed to X-rays, the method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD) was applied. The influence of low level radiation (10-200- mu-W/cm2) was studied within the ranges 41.25- 41.50 GHz and 51.62-51.84 GHz, within which microwaves produce a resonance effect, as had been previously demonstrated. The effectiveness of left- and right-handed polarized radiation was shown to be determined by its frequency. At 41.26, 41.32 and 41.40 GHz, left-handed polarized EMR produced considerable changes in AVTD peaks in lysates of X-rayed cells, while right- handed polarized radiation had no effect at these frequencies. Conversely, right-handed polarized millimetre waves proved to be effective when cells were affected by EMR at 51.76 and 51.78 GHz (from the second resonance studied by us), while left-handed polarization had virtually no effect. Therefore the effective circularly polarized component of EMR within a given resonance remains unchanged and is determined by the resonance frequency. This finding corresponds to the physics of discrete states in living systems, and illustrates the presence of selection rules on helicity during transitions between these states in the millimetre band of electromagnetic field. Orientation of Elongated Cells in ac Electromagnetic Fields with Frequencies Up to 150 MHz. Mischel M; Ackermann R; Holzel R; Lamprecht I Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p413- 427 JUN 1992 *Electro-orientation measurements were performed in a frequency range of 5-150 MHz on suspensions of untreated cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and cells treated with heat or chemical noxes. Three types of orientation for living cells could be observed: one with the long axis parallel to the field lines, one with the long axis perpendicular to the external field and one with the axis perpendicular to the plane of observation, i.e. the cells standing upright along their long axis. Living and non- living yeasts exhibit two opposite extrema of orientation at two typical frequencies, Investigations were performed to determine whether the degree of orientation at these two selected frequencies could be used as a screening test for the physiological state of cells. Furthermore, the experimental results were compared with model calculations, providing at least an approximate description of a typical orientation spectrum of yeast cells. The Effects of a Strong Constant Magnetic Field on the Activity and Localization Pattern of Acid Phosphatase in Blepharisma. Zhang XY; Liu D Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 27 (3) p513-517 JUN 1992 Spontaneous Abortion and Work with Visual Display Units. Roman E; Beral V; Pelerin M; Hermon C British Journal of Industrial Medicine; 49 (7) p507-512 JUL 1992 *Objective-To determine whether women who work with visual display units are at increased risk of spontaneous abortion. Design-Case-control study. Setting-Women were recruited during the three years 1987-9 from the Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading, and from a large group practice situated within the hospital's catchment area. Subjects-Cases were 150 nulliparous working women with a clinically diagnosed spontaneous abortion and controls were 297 nulliparous working women attending for antenatal care. Main outcome measures-Cases and controls were contacted and personally interviewed using the same structured questionnaire. Exposure to visual display units (VDUs) at work was assessed from information supplied at interview. Results-No evidence of an increased risk of spontaneous abortion was found in women who reported that they used a VDU at work compared with women who reported that they did not (odds ratio (OR) = 0.9,95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.6-1.4); and no relation with the amount of time spent actively using a VDU was evident (OR = 0.9,95% CI = 0.5-1.6 for women who worked with a VDU for 21 hours or more each week). No effect of passive exposure to VDUs at work was found (OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.6-1.6 for women who reported working less than 10 feet away from a VDU that was usually switched on). These findings were not explained by maternal age, marital state, housing tenure, partner's social class, educational level, smoking, alcohol consumption, or number of previous spontaneous abortions. Conclusion-Given the findings and their consistency with the results from other recent studies it is concluded that pregnant women who work with VDUs are not at increased risk of clinically diagnosed spontaneous abortion. For the many women who use VDUs in their jobs, this finding provides reassurance. Influence of Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields on Time Organization of Tiol Groups and Lipid Peroxidation Exchange. Martynyuk VS; Kopylov AN; Stashkov AM Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal; 38 (3) p7-11 MAY-JUN 1992 *The influence of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields on lipid peroxidation products and total tiol groups in the brain of mongrel mice has been investigated. Certain changes in time organization and interrelation of the studied processes under the effect of the magnetic field depending on frequency are shown. Biological Mechanism of Chronic Action of the Alternating Electric Field on the Developing Organism of Mice. Kartashev AG Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal; 38 (3) p81-85 MAY-JUN 1992 *The method of principal components has been used for the quantitative analysis of 50 histomorphological indices of physiological state of white mice males subjected to the action of the alternating electric field in dynamics of their postnatal development. The theoretical analysis of the results obtained permits supposing that the alternating electric field disturbs proliferation and differentiation under its chronic action on the organism of mammals. Effects of Continuous and Pulsed 2450-MHz Radiation on Spontaneous Lymphoblastoid Transformation of Human Lymphocytes Invitro. Czerska EM; Elson EC; Davis CC; Swicord ML; Czerski P Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p247-259 1992 *Normal human lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. One- ml samples containing (10(6)) cells in chromosome medium 1 A were exposed for 5 days to conventional heating or to continuous wave (CW) or pulsed wave (PW) 2450-MHz radiation at non-heating (37- degrees-C) and various heating levels (temperature increases of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2-degrees-C). The pulsed exposures involved 1-mu-s pulses at pulse repetition frequencies from 100 to 1,000 pulses per second at the same average SAR levels as the CW exposures. Actual average SARs ranged to 12.3 W/kg. Following termination of the incubation period, spontaneous lymphoblastoid transformation was determined with an image analysis system. The results were compared among each of the experimental conditions and with sham-exposed cultures. At non-heating levels, CW exposure did not affect transformation. At heating levels both conventional and CW heating enhanced transformation to the same extent and correlate with the increases in incubation temperature. PW exposure enhanced transformation at non- heating levels. This finding is significant (P < .002). At heating levels PW exposure enhanced transformation to a greater extent than did conventional or CW heating. This finding is significant at the .02 level. We conclude that PW 2450-MHz radiation acts differently on the process of lymphoblastoid transformation in vitro compared with CW 2450-MHz radiation at the same average SARs. A Replication Study of Human Exposure to 60-Hz Fields - Effects on Neurobehavioral Measures. Cook MR; Graham C; Cohen HD; Gerkovich MM Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p261-285 1992 *The purpose of this study was to reproduce and extend an earlier investigation of the effects of human exposure to combined, 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields. This paper presents the neurobehavioral results. Thirty men participated in one training session and four testing sessions. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. The 18 subjects in Group I were exposed (9 kV/m, 20-mu-T) and sham exposed in two counterbalanced orders. ID Group II, half of 12 subjects were exposed (9 kV/m, 20-mu-T) every session, and the remaining half were sham exposed every session. The study was doubly blinded. Measures of cardiac interbeat interval, event-related brain potentials, and performance were obtained before, during, and after exposures. As in the earlier study, exposure to the combined field resulted in a statistically significant slowing of heart rate, in changes in late components of event-related brain potentials, and in decreased errors on a choice reaction-time task. In addition, field effects on several other measures approached statistical significance. The physiological measures obtained during exposure indicated that effects were greatest soon after the field was switched on, and again when it was switched off. The data indicate that changes in exposure level may be more important than duration of exposure for producing effects in human beings. Residential Exposure to 60-Hz Magnetic Fields from Appliances. Mader DL; Peralta SB Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p287-301 1992 *A model has been developed that permits assessment of residential exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields emitted by appliances. It is based on volume- and time-averaging of magnetic- dipole fields. The model enables the contribution of appliances in the total residential exposure to be compared with that of other sources in any residence under study. Calculations based on measurements reported in the literature on 98 appliances revealed that appliances are not a significant source of whole- body exposure, but that they may be the dominant source of exposure of the body's extremities. Modification of Cardiac Contraction Rate by Pulsed Magnetic Fields - Preliminary Report. Ramon C; Powell MR Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p303-311 1992 *Isolated rat hearts and excised canine cardiac tissues were subjected to pulsed magnetic fields. The fields excited in coils by tandem pairings of sinusoidal pulses were presented at various inter-pair delays and repetition rates. The waveform of the magnetic field was a single or multiple sinusoid followed after a variable delay by another single or multiple sinusoid. Small but reliable increases in the beating rate of rat heart were observed. Similar increases occurred in contraction rates of canine tissues. Both preparations exhibited a contraction-rate dependency on the repetition rate of the paired magnetic pulses: 4.5-6 rep/s for canine tissue, and 20-25 and 40-55 reps/s for rat heart. Flux-density thresholds for both preparations approximated 10 mT (100 gauss) rms. Electric Fields Induced in Rat and Human Models by 60-Hz Magnetic Fields - Comparison of Calculated and Measured Values. Hart FX Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p313-316 1992 *The calculated distribution of electric fields induced in homogeneous human and rat models by a 60-Hz magnetic field is compared with values measured in instrumented mannequins. The calculated values agree well with measured values. Dose Dependence of Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Neuroblastoma Cells Exposed to Modulated Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation. Dutta SK; Das K; Ghosh B; Blackman CF Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p317-322 1992 *Radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RFR) at 915 and at 147 MHz, when sinusoidally amplitude modulated (AM) at 16 Hz, has been shown to enhance release of calcium ions from neuroblastoma cells in culture. The dose-response relation is unusual, consisting of two power- density "windows" in which enhanced efflux occurs, separated by power-density regions in which no effect is observed. To explore the physiological importance of these findings, we have examined the impact of RFR exposure on a membrane- bound enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is intimately involved with the acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter system. Neuroblastoma cells (NG108), exposed for 30 min to 147- MHz radiation. AM at 16 Hz, demonstrated enhanced AChE activity, as assayed by a procedure using C-14-labeled ACh. Enhanced activity was observed within a time window between 7.0 and 7.5 h after the cells were plated and only when the exposure occurred at power densities identified in a previous report as being effective for altering the release of calcium ions. Thus RFR affects both calcium-ion release and AChE activity in nervous system-derived cells in culture in a common dose-dependent manner. Modification of Acoustic Startle by Microwave Pulses in the Rat - A Preliminary Report. Seaman RL; Beblo DA Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p323-328 1992 *Single, 1.25-GHz microwave pulses of 0.8- to 1.0-mu-s duration were presented to each of four rats 100 ms before presentation of a startle-inducing acoustic stimulus. This sequential pairing of microwave pulse and acoustic stimulus was found to modify the startle response. At an energy dose to the head of 22-43 mJ/kg per pulse (peak SAR, 23 48 kW/kg), the mean latency to the startle response was longer and the mean amplitude of the response was smaller with respect to control responses that occurred to acoustic stimuli alone. However, at a higher energy dose per microwave pulse in the range of 59-107 mJ/kg (peak SAR. 63-1 11 kW/kg), the mean latency and amplitude of the startle response were not statistically different from the respective means of control responses. Threshold for Inhibition of Na, K-ATPase by ELF Alternating Currents. Blank M; Soo L Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (4) p329-333 1992 *Alternating currents can increase or decrease the ATP- splitting activity of the membrane enzyme Na,K-ATPase. Either change depends on the AC frequency, and the greatest effect appears to be in the ELF range at about 100 Hz. The threshold for enzyme inhibition by AC was determined, and it is estimated to be an internal electric field circa 5-mu-V/cm. The corresponding current-density threshold approximates 8 nA/cm2. Epidemiological and Laboratory Studies of Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Sagan LA JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association; 268 (5) p625-629 AUG 5 1992 Electromagnetic Pulse and Its Effects. Loeb JM; Bristow LR; Broadaway RK; Contogiannis MA; Dawson JH; Dickey NW; Gifford RW; Hartford AC; Jacott WE; Mcafee RE; Painter JT; Ring JJ; Scalettar R; Schenken JR; Walker FB; Doege TC; Wheater RH; Hendee WR JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association; 268 (5) p639-641 AUG 5 1992 A Magnetite Null Detector as the Migrating Bird's Compass. Edmonds DT Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences; 249 (1324) p27-31 JUL 22 1992 *The magnetic compass of migrating birds is different from a normal terrestrial compass in that reversing the direction of the magnetic field leaves its reading unchanged. The birds detect the north-south plane as that containing the directions of the earth's magnetic field and gravity, and for north-south discrimination, and also possibly for a map sense of latitude, they detect the angle between the magnetic and gravitational axes within that plane. In this paper it is demonstrated that a biological compass with these characteristics is naturally formed if a biologically synthesized magnetite crystal becomes attached to a torque detector, such as a hair cell. Such a device has the required axial response, despite the polar response of a permanent magnet in a magnetic field, if it acts as a null detector of magnetic torque. It can also integrate at a single site the measurement of the directions of gravity and the magnetic field so that the angle between them is obtained directly. Magnetism in Biology and Medicine. Kholodov YA Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I P Pavlova; 42 (3) p462-469 MAY-JUN 1992 *In the paper is made an excursion into the history of foundation of electrobiology as a science with its two main trends - magnitobiology and biomagnetism. The main experimental results are given, which became a basis of a widespread application of the electromagnetic fields of different biotropic parameters in the therapy of many diseases. The possibilities are revealed of the application of the methods of recording the magnetic fields of the human brain and heart for the diagnostics of human functional and pathological states. Geomagnetic Pulsations as One of Ecological Factors of the Environment. Kleymenova NG; Troitskaya VA Biofizika; 37 (3) p429- 438 MAY-JUN 1992 *Wave processes in the Earth magnetic field are discussed from the viewpoint of their influence on the biosphere. The biogenic magnetite is a basis for magnetic field detection in biosystems. Among numerous quasiperiodical variations of the geomagnetic field there exist <> variations occuring regularly, so that the biosystems get <> to them, and sporadic variations the adaptation to which is weakened. The important question in the correlation analysis is a spectral composition of the wave processes investigated, the duration of frequency components of the signal, its stability, the rate of the intensity change and the local time of occurrence. On Correlation Between Some Medical Indices and Fluctuations of Natural Gravitation. Raibstein VA; Voinov VI; Kudryashov VE; Chepasov VA Biofizika; 37 (3) p524-532 MAY- JUN 1992 *The hourly amount of 3140 hospital deaths, 2220 births by terminated labours, and 617 investigations of some elementary functions of haemodynamics and external respiration are correlated with tidal gravitation cycles calculated al the same time of day. The statistical analysis revealed significant dependence of the obtained data on local geometrical properties of 12-hour lunar tidal waves. Their distinctive signs were convexity- concavity and growing- sinking which the 12-hour lunar wave into 4 intervals. To each interval corresponded specific patterns of death and birth curves during 24-hours and divergent distribution of values of haemodynamics and external respiration. The investigation results and literature data point to the fact thal periodic fluctuations of natural gravitation fields carrying the information on changes in space-time may serve as an outside time-marker (Zeitgeber) of biological rhythms. Influence of the Gravity Flow Changes on Periodic Functional Activity of the Dog Corticoadrenal and Thyroid Glands. Bortnikova GI Biofizika; 37 (3) p533-540 MAY-JUN 1992 *Among the universal environmental factors changes of the gravity flow are not enough investigated. Relations between the dog corticoadrenal and thyroid glands functional rhythms and the properties of curvature level surfaces of the gravity flow changes were established, The suggested mechanism of the effect of gravitation flow changes includes ability of cells and ultrastructures to reflect the geometric properties of the local space. Alternative Nongravitational Mechanism of Lunar Influence upon the Biological Processes. Gulyaev RA; Gulyaeva TL Biofizika; 37 (3) p541-546 MAY-JUN 1992 *Non-gravitational mechanism of the lunar influence upon the geo- and biosphere of the Earth concerned with the Moon's screening off the corpuscular flux (the solar wind) is proposed. Due to the magnetosphere dimensions exceeding those of the Earth, the solar eclipses occur more frequently in the magnetosphere, in particular, during each new moon. Increased disturbances of the geomagnetic field (auroral electrojet index) were observed for the summer 1964 new moon periods during solar minimum. It is assumed that biological effects of the solar corpuscular eclipses should be observed not only during the solar eclipses on the Earth, but also for each new moon. The paper surveys briefly information on solar-terrestrial physics necessary for understanding the problem. Longitudinal Response of Subauroral and Equator Ionosphere to Resonance Effect of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). Novikova LN; Soboleva TN Biofizika; 37 (3) p554-558 MAY-JUN 1992 *At the altitude or 400 km the meridional ion concentration distribution was investigated with IMF change. At the points disposed along the longitude at the distance equal to DELTA- lambda = 180-degrees there were discovered contraphase changes of concentration and also the displacements of throughs in subauroral and equator zones. When IMF changes in resonance with two days Earth revolution the main ionospheric through locations outline the figure similar to quasieight figure along the longitude in the south hemisphere of the Earth. There was discovered a golden section in geophysics. Biomagnetic Correlation and the Hypothesis of Current States in Liquid Water. Beengui VN Biofizika; 37 (3) p596-600 MAY-JUN 1992 *Biomagnetic correlation is supposed to be due to direct space magnetic field effects. The mechanism of biomagnetic effect is suggested which is based on the hypothetic quantum metastable states of proton in liquid water. Applicability of the concrete model is discussed for interpreting observable bioeffects of low frequency and constant magnetic fields, the magnetic vacuum included. The Effect of Low-Frequency Electrical Fields on Osteogenesis. Mcleod KJ; Rubin CT Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - American Volume; 74A (6) p920-929 JUL 1992 *An in vivo animal model of disuse osteopenia was used to determine the osteogenic potential of specific components of electrical fields. The ability of a complex pulsed electrical field to inhibit loss of bone was compared with the remodeling response generated by extremely low- power, low-frequency (fifteen, seventy-five, and 150-hertz) sinusoidal electrical fields. The left ulnae of thirty adult male turkeys were functionally isolated by creation of distal and proximal epiphyseal osteotomies and then were exposed, for one hour each day, to an electrical field that had been induced exogenously by means of magnetic induction. After a fifty-six-day protocol, the remodeling response was quantified by a comparison of the cross- sectional area of the mid-part of the diaphysis of the functionally isolated ulna with that of the intact contralateral ulna. Disuse resulted in a 13 per cent mean loss of osseous tissue, which was not significantly different than the 10 per cent loss that was caused by disuse treated with inactive coils. Exposure to the pulsed electrical fields prevented this osteopenia and stimulated a 10 per cent mean increase in the bone area. The osteogenic influence of the sinusoidal electrical fields was strongly dependent on the frequency; the 150, seventy- rive, and fifteen-hertz sinusoidal fields, respectively, generated a -3 per cent, +5 per cent, and +20 per cent mean change in the bone area. These results suggest a tissue sensitivity that is specific to very low-frequency sinusoidal electrical fields, and they imply that the induced electrical fields need not have complex waveforms to be osteogenic. Since the frequency and intensity range of the sinusoidal fields producing the greatest osteogenic response are similar to the levels produced intrinsically by normal functional activity, these results support the hypothesis that electricity plays a role in the retention of the normal remodeling balance within mature bone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results suggest that loss of bone may be prevented, or formation of bone may be promoted, by short exposure to extremely low-power, low- frequency electrical fields. The data presented here indicate that the electrical fields that are used clinically in the treatment of fracture non-unions induce orders of magnitude more power into the tissue than may be needed to stimulate a beneficial response. Fluorescent Light Photosensitivity in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Rihner M; Mcgrath H Arthritis and Rheumatism; 35 (8) p949-952 AUG 1992 *Objective. To determine the prevalence of fluorescent light toxicity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods. SLE patients were polled about their symptomatic responses to sunlight and cool white fluorescent light. Photometry was used to determine the levels of ultraviolet (UV) emissions from fluorescent lamps. Results. Thirteen of 30 photosensitive SLE patients described increases in disease activity following exposure to unshielded fluorescent lamps. Photometry indicated that these lamps emit substantial levels of UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation, which is toxic to patients with SLE. Standard acrylic diffusers absorbed this radiation, and their use was associated with almost no patient-reported problems. Conclusion. Fluorescent lamps, emitting UV-B radiation, induce disease activity in photosensitive SLE patients. Standard acrylic diffusers absorb UV-B radiation and appear to be protective against induction of disease activity with the use of fluorescent lamps. Magnetite Biomineralization in the Human Brain. Kirschvink JL; Kobayashikirschvink A; Woodford BJ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; 89 (16) p7683-7687 AUG 15 1992 *Although the mineral magnetite (Fe3O4) is precipitated biochemically by bacteria, protists, and a variety of animals, it has not been documented previously in human tissue. Using an ultrasensitive superconducting magnetometer in a clean-lab environment, we have detected the presence of ferromagnetic material in a variety of tissues from the human brain. Magnetic particle extracts from solubilized brain tissues %examined with high- resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and elemental analyses identify minerals in the magnetite-maghemite family, with many of the crystal morphologies and structures resembling strongly those precipitated by magnetotactic bacteria and fish. These magnetic and high- resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements imply the presence of a minimum of 5 million single-domain crystals per gram for most tissues in the brain and > 100 million crystals per gram for pia and dura. Magnetic property data indicate the crystals are in clumps of between 50 and 100 particles. Biogenic magnetite in the human brain may account for high- field saturation effects observed in the T1 and T2 values of magnetic resonance imaging and, perhaps, for a variety of biological effects of low-frequency magnetic fields. Electric Power and Breast Cancer. Jauchem JR FASEB Journal; 6 (11) p3016 AUG 1992; Electric Power and Breast Cancer - Reply. Stevens RG FASEB Journal; 6 (11) p3016-3017 AUG 1992 VDUs Not Linked to Spontaneous Abortions. Lancet; 340 (8816) p423 AUG 15 1992 A Neuron Excited by Magnetic Fields. Tenney SM News in Physiological Sciences; 7 p189 AUG 1992 Magnetic Fields Mimic the Behavioral Effects of REM Sleep Deprivation in Humans. Sandyk R; Tsagas N; Anninos PA; Derpapas K International Journal of Neuroscience; 65 (1-4) p61-68 1992 *The discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by Aserinsky and Kleitman in 1953 initiated the impetus for sleep research and specifically the investigations of the effects of REM sleep deprivation (RSD) on animal and human behavior. The behavioral effects of RSD include the enhancement of motivational and ''drive''-related behaviors. In laboratory animals, RSD has been reported to increase appetite, sexual behavior, aggressiveness, and locomotor activity. Moreover, RSD reportedly improves mood in patients with endogenous depression and heightens appetite and sexual interest in normal subjects. Since ''drive''-related behaviors are thought to involve activation of limbic dopaminergic reward sites, RSD may enhance motivational behaviors through an action on limbic dopaminergic functions. In the present communication, we present two patients (one with multiple sclerosis and the other with Parkinson's disease) in whom treatment with magnetic fields produced behavioral effects which paralleled those observed in REM- sleep-deprived animals and humans. We propose, therefore, that the behavioral and mental effects of treatment with magnetic fields may be mediated via RSD and, by inference, involve activation of limbic dopaminergic reward sites. Specific Absorption Rates and Induced Current Distributions in an Anatomically Based Human Model for Plane-Wave Exposures. Gandhi OP; Gu YG; Chen JY; Bassen HI Health Physics; 63 (3) p281-290 SEP 1992 *We have previously reported local, layer-averaged, and whole- body-averaged specific absorption rates and induced currents for a 5,628-cell anatomically based model of a human for plane-wave exposures 20-100 MHz (Chen and Gandhi 1989). Using a higher resolution, 45,024-cell model of the human body, calculations have now been extended to 915 MHz using the finite-difference time-domain method. Because of the higher resolution of the model, it has been possible to calculate specific absorption rates for various organs (brain, eyes, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and intestines) and for various parts of the body (head, neck, torso, legs, and arms) as a function of frequency in the band 100-915 MHz. Consistent with some of the experimental data in the literature, the highest part-body-averaged specific absorption rate for the head and neck region (as well as for the eyes and brain) occurs at 200 MHz for the isolated condition and at 150 MHz for the grounded condition of the model. Also observed is an increasing specific absorption rate for the eyes for frequencies above 350 MHz due to the superficial nature of power deposition at increasing frequencies. Speed Kills - But What About Radar Guns. Volkers N Journal of the National Cancer Institute; 84 (17) p1310-1311 SEP 2 1992 An Electromagnetic Theory of Life .2. Testing. Bulkley DH Medical Hypotheses; 38 (4) p305- 310 AUG 1992 *Serious problems and contradictions face the long-standing chemical reaction theory of life. Arguments favoring an alternative view featuring electromagnetic micromechanisms were presented in the December 1989 issue of this Journal (27, 31). However, the theory had an extremely general form which was forbidding to laboratory demonstration. It became clear that its essentially conceptual form needed to be transformed to a testable theory which ultimately could lead to laboratory verification. Now, with the recognition of the role of chaos theory in finding order within chaos in the kinetics of cell metabolism, the electromagnetic theory of life has become better grounded and more amenable to laboratory testing and evaluation. I thus focus on certain theoretical advances as well as the application of new technologies to test the hypothesis of 5 specific target areas. With the verification of electromagnetic processes in life, we anticipate that the biomedical sciences will be propelled to a wealth of solutions to many vexing problems. Modification of Tumor Promotion in the Mouse Skin by Exposure to an Alternating Magnetic Field. Stuchly MA; Mclean JRN; Burnett R; Goddard M; Lecuyer DW; Mitchel REJ Cancer Letters; 65 (1) p1-7 JUL 31 1992 *Some epidemiological studies have suggested that exposure to an alternating magnetic field may increase the incidence of some cancers. Our earlier study of carcinogenesis in mouse skin, indicated that exposure to a magnetic field (MF) alone did not promote the growth of tumors. In the present experiment, the ability of a MF to act as a tumor copromoter was investigated. The dorsal skins of female SENCAR mice (6 - 7-weeks-old) were treated with 10 nmol of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) to initiate the carcinogenic process and then tumor development was promoted, for 23 weeks, by weekly applications of 4.9 nmol (0.3- mu-g) of 12-0- tetradecanoylphorbal-13-acetate (TPA). One group of 48 mice were exposed to a 60-Hz magnetic field of 2 mT (20 Gauss) for 6 h/day 5 days/week, while a similar group (48 mice) were sham exposed. After week 12, the percentage of mice with tumors and the mean number of tumors per mouse, were higher for the group exposed to MF. At week 18, for example, where the differences between field and sham groups were statistically significant, the percentage of mice with tumors were, respectively, 25 % and 8 % (P < 0. 05, Fisher exact) and, the mean yield of tumors 1.9 +/- 0.69 and 0.65 +/- 0.46 (mean +/- S.E.M.) (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon). At week 23 these differences were no longer statistically significant. The Electrochemical Potential Revisited. Walz D; Caplan SR Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p5-30 AUG 1992 *The electrochemical potential of a charged species involves a certain ambiguity when defined following the convention used in physics and thermodynamics, where the reference point for electrical potentials is taken at infinity. A thermodynamic model system is used to elucidate the source of the ambiguity and its consequences. As a result it is shown that by choosing a point inside one of the phases of the system as a reference point, the ambiguity entirely disappears. This proposed convention is implicitly used when defining the zero point of the redox potential scale by means of the standard hydrogen electrode. It is also implicitly used to describe bioelectrochemical and bioenergetic phenomena, a usage which is here shown to have a rigorous foundation. A further aspect of this investigation is the finding that the electrostatic energy of a system and thus the electrical contribution to the electrochemical potential of a species is entropic in character. Counter-Ion Polarization and Low Frequency, Low Electric Field Intensity Biological Effects. Polk C Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p279-289 AUG 1992 *By analysis of published experimental data for the dielectric properties of tissue at extremely low frequencies it is shown that the ''thermal noise problem'' is much less severe for field effects depending on counter- ion polarization than for effects that require a change of transmembrane potential. Application of dielectric mixture theory and the theory of counter- ion polarization is used to show that the fraction of charges near the cell surface involved in counter-ion polarization is of the order of 10(-6) al the thermal noise limit when the frequency of the applied field is 15 Hz. It is also shown that the exponential decay distance for polarization-related charge motion can be more than 50% of the intercell spacing. Thus extremely low frequency electric fields that cause counter- ion polarization can affect the ionic environment of those membrane-embedded proteins which extend far into the intercellular medium and can possibly also influence cell- to-cell communication. Temperature Dependence of Electric Field Effects on Na,K- ATPase. Blank M; Soo L Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p291-299 AUG 1992 *We have shown that the effect of alternating currents (a.c.) on Na,K-ATPase varies with temperature, and that the observations can be explained by assuming a simple theoretical model of changes in the ion binding to the activation sites due to an imposed alternating electric field. Previous observations showing that the effect of an electric field on the enzyme can lead to either an enhancement or a decrease in enzyme activity, depending upon the initial activity, also appears to be true when the enzyme activity is varied by changing the temperature. This suggests very strongly that the mechanism of action of a.c. is the result of changing in ion binding and not changes in lipid phase structure. Changes in Transcription in HL-60 Cells Following Exposure to Alternating Currents from Electric Fields. Blank M; Soo L; Lin H; Henderson AS; Goodman R Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p301-309 AUG 1992 *The effect of varying field strength and exposure time on histone H2B and c-myc transcript levels in HL-60 cells exposed to 60 Hz electric fields (sine waves) is reported here. An increase in the basal levels of these normally expressed transcripts was observed, which was dependent on both field strength and time of exposure. Beta-2- microglobulin, a transcript known to be uninducible, was unaffected by cellular exposure to the field strengths used in these experiments. Transcription in Drosophila-Melanogaster Salivary Gland Cells Is Altered Following Exposure to Low Frequency Electro-Magnetic Fields - Analysis of Chromosome-3L and Chromosome- X. Goodman R; Weisbrot D; Uluc A; Henderson A Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p311-318 AUG 1992 *The precise chromosome location of nascent RNA chains can be identified in Drosophila salivary gland chromosomes using transcription autoradiographic techniques. Our research has used transcription autoradiography to identify changes in transcriptional activity following 20 min exposures of salivary glands to five extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Where possible, chromosome regions have been correlated with known gene sites using chromosome maps. Electrostimulation of the Dehydrogenase System of Yeast by Alternating Currents. Zhang L; Berg H Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p341-353 AUG 1992 *The dehydrogenase system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was electrostimulated utilizing Helmholtz coils (average 4 mT, 60 Hz) to induce a current density of microamps per square centimetre or a field strength of the order of millivolts per centimetre. As an indicator, the reduction rate of methylene blue (MB) was used, measured by its polarographic signal instantaneously in the range of minutes. Up to now the effect of field on the reduction yield of MB has been determined depending on the following parameters: the concentration of cells in suspension, the pre-exposure time before adding MB to the cells, the temperature of the solution, the influence of the physiological state of growing cells and the concentration of phosphate buffer. Non-linear responses were detected in some of these dependences. As a general rule one can conclude that the slower the reduction rate, the higher the stimulation effect. The combination of MB with the dehydrogenase system turns out to be a method for determination of the electromagnetic field effect. This technique may also be useful for other microorganisms. From the Langevin-Lorentz to the Zeeman Model of Electromagnetic Effects on Ligand- Receptor Binding. Bianco B; Chiabrera A Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 28 (1-2) p355-365 AUG 1992 *This paper attempts to elucidate the mechanism of action of electromagnetic exposure on ligand-receptor binding. The classical Langevin-Lorentz model, which can be used to describe the adsorption process of a messenger ion, is reviewed and discussed. We conclude that low intensity exposure does not affect appreciably the ion dynamics in the presence of background thermal white noise. A more realistic evaluation of the endogenous field present in a binding site leads to a quantum model based on weak Zeeman- Stark effects. The case of the Zeeman effect is studied in detail assuming a three-state binding site. The density operator method is used, introducing suitable lifetimes which model the thermal bath interaction. The closed form expression for the binding probability is found, as a function of the ligand-receptor parameters and of the electromagnetic sinusoidal exposure. A Review of the Literature on Potential Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Electric and Magnetic Fields. Chernoff N; Rogers JM; Kavet R Toxicology; 74 (2-3) p91-126 SEP 1992 *The potential of electric and magnetic fields to adversely affect the health of the human population is an issue which continues to receive a great deal of attention in both public and scientific forums. One of the critical issues is the possibility that such fields may adversely affect the reproductive process. Numerous studies investigating the potential of electric and/or magnetic fields to alter reproduction in vertebrates have been conducted. These studies have, in many instances, yielded seemingly contradictory results. A number of epidemiological studies have been conducted as well. This review of the literature examines relevant studies and attempts to draw biologically rational conclusions from them. The studies are ordered in broad categories based upon both classification of the species studied (i.e. submammalian, mammalian exclusive of man and human) and the agent used (i.e. extremely low frequency electric, very low frequency electric, and magnetic fields). From our review we conclude that laboratory experimental and epidemiological results to date have not yielded conclusive data to support the contention that such fields induce adverse reproductive effects under the test or environmental conditions studied. Additional studies may, however, be warranted to clarify some of the experimental results obtained. Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Pulsed Field Stimulation of Yeast. Bolognani L; Delmonte V; Francia F; Venturelli T; Volpi N; Costato M Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (1) p1-10 1992 *The pool of adenylnucleotides ([ATP], [ADP], and [AMP]) is enhanced in yeast samples (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) treated with EM pulsed field for 15 min. ATP concentration is significantly increased, particularly in samples treated at 80 and 110 Hz (64.53 +/- 12.13 and 58.50 +/- 4.66 nmol/mg) with respect to controls (30.95 +/- 3.63 nmol/mg). The energy charge does not change significantly as [ADP] and [AMP] are also increased, except in the case of 40- Hz-treated samples. Fermentative Activity of Cold-Stressed Yeast and Effect of Electromagnetic Pulsed Field. Bolognani L; Francia F; Venturelli T; Volpi N; Costato M Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (1) p11-17 1992 *Electromagnetic field stimulation at low frequency (80 Hz, induced electric field: 0.11 mV/cm) has been studied in baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). 100 mg of yeast suspended in sucrose (5.8 x 10(-2) mol/L) and phosphate buffer (0.05 mol/L) were incubated at +36-degrees-C. CO2 production was measured in normal and cold-stressed-yeast (-23-degrees- C for 12 h). Electromagnetic pulsed field was effective in stimulating CO2 production in treated (150.8 +/- 35.6-mu-l CO2/h/100 mg of yeast) compared to normal control (109.2 +/- 21.3-mu-l CO2/h/100 mg of yeast) cultures and in stressed and treated (145.0 +/- 33.5-mu-l CO2/h/100 mg of yeast) vs. stressed untreated samples (83.3 +/- 18.7-mu-l CO2/h/100 mg of yeast). Exposure of Human Cells to Electromagnetic Fields - Effect of Time and Field Strength on Transcript Levels. Goodman R; Bumann J; Wei LX; Shirleyhenderson A Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (1) p19-28 1992 *Short exposure of cultured human cells to extremely low- frequency electromagnetic fields causes a measurable increase in some transcript levels. The effect of varying field strength and exposure time on c-myc, beta-actin, c- src, beta-tubulin, and histone H2B transcript levels in human HL-60 cells exposed to continuous sine waves (60 Hz) is analyzed here. An increase in the basal levels of these normally expressed transcripts is observed with dependence on both field strength and time of exposure. A ''window'' effect is found for each transcript at 20 min exposure [magnetic flux density of 5.7-mu-Tesla (rms)]. Alpha- globin, a transcript not normally expressed in this cell line, was unaffected by exposure to the field strengths used for these experiments. Biological Systems in Transition - Sensitivity to Extremely Low- Frequency Fields. Mcleod BR; Liboff AR; Smith SD Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (1) p29-42 1992 *It has been suggested for some time that cells ''far from equilibrium'' may be the most sensitive to applied extremely low- frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. The problem with this statement is that it is nearly impossible to quantify these words as they apply to a biological system in such a way that the definition can become part of a mechanistic model. It is apparent, however, that the physiological state of the biological system being exposed to ELF fields is important. A review of the literature allows one to identify many studies that have involved the simultaneous exposure of ''normal'' and ''healing'' cells to ELF fields (such as normal bone and flesh at a non-union fracture site), with the result being that only the ''healing'' cells were measurably affected by the applied fields. The non-union fracture in bone may be one example of where the state of the biological system (bone) can be quantified. It is also apparent that the physiological state of the system must be important in the ELF- biological system interaction since, for example, it would be surprising if an ELF field could increase biological activity that was already proceeding at the maximum rate. This paper examines the physiological state of the biological system and its importance in forming a mechanistic model of the interaction between ELF fields and the system. Fetal and Maternal Effects of Continual Exposure of Rats to 970- MHz Circularly-Polarized Microwaves. Berman E; Weil C; Phillips PA; Carter HB; House DE Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (1) p43- 54 1992 *Virtually continual exposure to 970-MHz microwaves in circularly-polarized waveguides was used to elicit fetal responses in Sprague-Dawley rats during gestation. A total of 250 rats were exposed to microwave radiation at whole- body averaged specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.07, 2.4, or 4.8 W/kg or concurrently sham- irradiated for 22 h/day from the 1st through the 19th day of gestation. Prior to irradiation or sham irradiation, the rats were acclimated to cages in the waveguide system for 10 days and then bred. The rats were killed on the 20th day of gestation, and their fetuses counted and weighed, the fetal sternebrae ossifications counted, and the number of corpora lutea of the pregnancy determined. There were no alterations in pregnancy rates, fetal numbers (live, dead, resorbed, or total conceptuses), fetal weights, fetal skeletal maturation, or preimplantation losses after exposure at SARs of 0.07 or 2.4 W/kg. At SAR of 4.8 W/kg, only fetal body weight was significantly altered (-12%, p = 0.012). Two of twelve rats died during the exposure at SAR of 4.8 W/kg. Bred, but non-pregnant, rats that were exposed at SAR of 4.8 W/kg had significantly lower body weight gain than sham-irradiated rats; similar lower gain is assumed to have occurred in the pregnant rats exposed at SAR of 4.8 W/kg, and whose fetuses were significantly smaller. We conclude that continual gestational exposure at SAR of 4.8 (but not 2.4 or lower) W/kg induces fetal alterations. Apparently, deleterious maternal effects are associated with these fetal changes. Although colonic temperature was not measured in these rats, it is expected that exposure at 4.8 W/kg was hyperthermal. Conflicting Data on Biological Systems Treated with Electrical Direct Current. Miklavcic D; Sersa G Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (1) p67-69 1992 Magnetic fields alter the circadian periodicity of seizures Sandyk R & Anninos PA Int J Neurosci 63(3-4) 1992 265 Alternative Functional Relationships Between ELF Field Exposure and Possible Health Effects - Report on an Expert Workshop. Morgan MG; Nair I Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p335-350 1992 *If exposure to 60 Hz fields poses risks to public health, the relationship between exposure and risk may involve something other than the product of field strength and time. Such alternative possible relations, or ''effects functions,'' are of great interest to epidemiologists, engineers, risk analysts, and regulators. A structured survey and workshop were used to explore whether leading researchers in bioelectromagnetics share similar views about alternative possible effects functions. Substantial agreement was found about several effects functions in a few specific contexts such as calcium-ion efflux and cell signaling, and biosynthesis pathways. No significant agreement emerged in many other contexts. No effects function possibilities were ruled out. Further effort of this sort was judged unlikely to yield greater consensus until more complete scientific understanding becomes available. However, a series of structured workshops on research planning and priority setting were judged to hold great potential for useful results. Rats Are Not Aversive When Exposed to 60-Hz Magnetic Fields at 3.03 mT. Lovely RH; Creim JA; Kaune WT; Miller MC; Phillips RD; Anderson LE Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p351-362 1992 *Thirty-two male rats were tested in two replicates of an experiment to determine whether body currents induced by 60-Hz magnetic fields might lead to avoidance behavior comparable to that which results from exposure to strong 60-Hz electric fields. The test apparatus was a two- compartment Plexiglas(R) shuttlebox enclosed in a sound- attenuating plywood chamber, which in turn was encompassed by two copper bus bars that, when energized, served as a source of 60-Hz magnetic fields. Location of the rat, and traverse activity in the shuttlebox were monitored by nine infra-red photo detectors equally spaced along the length of the apparatus. Rats were divided into 2 groups: 1 group of rats (n = 8 per group per replicate) was sham exposed while rats in the other group (n = 8 per group per replicate) were exposed to a 3.03 mT (30.3 G), 60-Hz magnetic field whenever they traversed to or were located on the side (L or R) predetermined as the exposed side. To control artifact incident to side preference, the side exposed (L or R) was alternated over the exposed rats. Each rat was tested individually in a 1-h session. A 2- factor ANOVA (exposed vs. control, replicate 1 vs. replicate 2) failed to reveal any significant effects due to either factor or to an interaction between factors. These data demonstrate that rats do not avoid exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields at a flux density of 3.03 mT and further imply that the avoidance by rats of high level 60- Hz electric fields is mediated by something other than the internal body currents induced by the exposure. Relative-Risk-Estimate Bias and Loss of Power in the Mantel Test for Trend Resulting from the Use of Magnetic-Field Point-in-Time (Spot) Measurements in Epidemiological Studies Based on an Ordinal Exposure Scale. Delpizzo V; Salzberg MR Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p363-378 1992 *We assessed the merits of various point-in-time (''spot'') measurement protocols in case- control studies based on an ordinal exposure scale. After classifying a number of houses on the basis of prolonged monitoring of the ambient, extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field, we determined the probability of misclassification for each ''spot'' measurement protocol. We calculated the effect of this misclassification on the relative risk estimates and on the Mantel test for trend. We found that classification based on a small group of point-in-time measurements allows an adequate estimate of the relative risk, although the statistical significance of the dose-response gradient may be seriously underestimated. However, the use of automated ambient-field monitors, which results in loss of information on spatial variability, can lead to similar consequences. Therefore, manually collected point-in-time measurements remain a viable option for exposure assessment. Increased Sensitivity of the Non-Human Primate Eye to Microwave Radiation Following Ophthalmic Drug Pretreatment. Kues HA; Monahan JC; Danna SA; Mcleod DS; Lutty GA; Koslov S Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p379-393 1992 *Previous studies in our laboratory have established that pulsed microwaves at 2.45 GHz and 10 MW/cm2 are associated with production of corneal endothelial lesions and with disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier in the non-human primate eye. In the study reported here we examined ocular damage in monkeys (M. mulatta and M. fascicularis) following topical treatment with one of two ophthalmic drugs (timolol maleate and pilocarpine) that preceded exposure to pulsed microwaves. Anesthetized monkeys were sham exposed or exposed to pulsed, 2.45 GHz microwaves (10- mu-s, 100 pps) at average power densities of 0.2, 1, 5, 10, or 15 MW/CM2 4 h a day for 3 consecutive days (respective SARs were 0.052, 0.26, 1.3, 2.6, and 3.9 W/kg). Immediately before microwave exposure, one or both eyes were treated topically with one drop of 0.5% timolol maleate or of 2% pilocarpine. Following administration of a drug, we observed a significant reduction in the power- density threshold (from 10 to 1 MW/CM2) for induction of corneal endothelial lesions and for increased vascular permeability of the iris. Diagnostic procedures (in vivo specular microscopy and fluorescein iris angiography) were performed following each exposure protocol. In addition, increased vascular permeability was confirmed with horseradish peroxidase tracer techniques. Although we did not measure intraocular temperatures in experimental animals, the results suggest that a mechanism other than significant heating of the eye is involved. Our data indicate that pulsed microwaves at an average SAR of 0.26 W/kg, if administered after pretreatment with ophthalmic drugs, can produce significant ocular effects in the anesthetized primate. Effects of a 30 kV/m, 60 Hz Electric Field on the Social Behavior of Baboons - A Crossover Experiment. Easley SP; Coelho AM; Rogers WR Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p395-400 1992 *Using a crossover experimental design, we evaluated our earlier findings that exposure to a 30 kV/m, 60 Hz electric field for 12 hours per day, 7 days per week for 6 weeks produced significant changes in the performance rates of social behaviors among young adult male baboons. In the crossover experiment, the former control group was exposed to a 30 kV/m, 60 Hz electric field for 3 weeks. Only an extremely small, incidental magnetic field was generated by the exposure apparatus. We found that electric-field exposure again produced increases in the performance rates that index Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy. These findings, combined with results from our other electric-field experiments, indicate that exposure to strong electric fields, in the absence of associated magnetic fields, consistently produces effects that are expressed as increases in rates of performance of social behaviors in young adult male baboons. Uniform Magnetic Fields and Double-Wrapped Coil Systems - Improved Techniques for the Design of Bioelectromagnetic Experiments. Kirschvink JL Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p401- 411 1992 *A common mistake in biomagnetic experimentation is the assumption that Helmholtz coils provide uniform magnetic fields; this is true only for a limited volume at their center. Substantial improvements on this design have been made during the past 140 years with systems of three, four, and five coils. Numerical comparisons of the field uniformity generated by these designs are made here, along with a table of construction details and recommendations for their use in experiments in which large volumes of uniform intensity magnetic exposures are needed. Double- wrapping, or systems of bifilar windings, can also help control for the non-magnetic effects of the electric coils used in many experiments. In this design, each coil is wrapped in parallel with two separate, adjacent strands of copper wire, rather than the single strand used normally. If currents are flowing in antiparallel directions, the magnetic fields generated by each strand will cancel and yield virtually no external magnetic field, whereas parallel currents will yield an external field. Both cases will produce similar non-magnetic effects of ohmic heating, and simple measures can reduce the small vibration and electric field differences. Control experiments can then be designed such that the only major difference between treated and untreated groups is the presence or absence of the magnetic field. Double- wrapped coils also facilitate the use of truly double-blind protocol, as the same apparatus can be used either for experimental or control groups. Small Integrating Meter for Assessing Long-Term Exposure to Magnetic Fields. Kaune WT; Niple JC; Liu MJ; Silva JM Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p413-427 1992 *A small, lightweight meter has been developed for magnetic- field measurements, particularly those needed for exposure- assessment purposes. This meter, known as the AMEX-3D, continuously measures all three axes of magnetic-flux density and electronically combines the data into a single estimate of cumulative exposure to the root-mean-square (rms) resultant flux density. The AMEX-3D weighs about 120 g, measures 2.7 cm x 5.1 cm x 10.2 cm, and is battery powered. Two panel-mounted jacks are provided for measuring battery voltage and for reading cumulative exposure data from the unit. The instrument has, within 3 dB, a flat response to magnetic flux densities at all frequencies in its 30-1,000 Hz bandwidth. A detailed analysis of error sources in the AMEX-3D leads to an estimate of +/- 20% as the accuracy of the instrument over its dynamic range, which extends from 0.02 to 15-mu-T. The AMEX-3D was tested in the field by asking electric- utility distribution linemen to wear AMEX-3D and EMDEX meters simultaneously while working. Agreement between the two measures of exposure was excellent. Statistical Review of the Henhouse Experiments - The Effects of a Pulsed Magnetic Field on Chick Embryos. Handcock MS; Kolassa JE Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (5) p429-433 1992 *This paper analyzes data from a study conducted by the United States Office of Naval Research on the effects of pulsed magnetic fields on chick embryos. The experiment involved incubation of eggs under carefully controlled conditions in six different laboratories. The original analysis included inappropriate statistical methodology for analyzing the experimental results. Since the conclusions from this study rest so heavily on the results of statistical analyses, choosing the proper methodology is imperative. The major aim of this paper then is to introduce more appropriate analytic tools and illustrate their use in the present context. Qualitatively our results agree with those of the original analysis; our findings about interactions between effects, however, makes interpretation of these effects more subtle. We apply linear logistic modeling to counts of damaged embryos, using as covariates factors corresponding to exposure, laboratory, incubator, run, and measurements of background radiation. This facilitates estimation of the size of the effects. The effects of laboratory, incubator, and run are explored both as fixed and random effects. We find statistically significant exposure and laboratory effects, in accordance with the original study. However, we also find that the inter- laboratory variation in exposure effect is at least as large as the exposure effect itself. The presence of such effects fundamentally alters the interpretation of the fitted model, as is graphically presented. Growth of Human Cultured Cells Exposed to a Non-Homogeneous Static Magnetic Field Generated by Sm-Co Magnets. Sato K; Yamaguchi H; Miyamoto H; Kinouchi Y Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 1136 (3) p231-238 SEP 9 1992 *A static magnetic field, with a strong spatial gradient, was established on the surface of cell culture dishes by use of a gilded iron needle set vertically above an Sm-Co magnet. The calculated magnetic flux density was more than 1.5 T at the center of the needle tip, and the products of the flux density and its gradient were about 200 and 60 T2/m at distances of 0.1 and 0.3 mm, respectively, from the center. The DNA content, DNA synthesis and labeling index of cultured cells located within 0.1 mm from the center of the needle, and the growth rate of cells located within 0.3 mm from the center, were measured. HeLa cells grew at a normal rate for 96 h in the magnetic field and showed no significant change in shape, detectable by scanning electron microscopy. The growth of HeLa cells was not influenced by exposure to the magnetic field. Similarly, exposure for 48 h to the magnetic field had no effect on growth of normal human gingival fibroblasts (Gin- 1). The DNA content, assayed by microfluorometry of the nuclei of both types of cells stained by the Feulgen reaction, was not significantly different from that of controls. Moreover, exposure to the magnetic field had no effect on DNA synthesis or the labeling index of HeLa cells assayed by autoradiography of incorporated [H- 3]thymidine. It is concluded that a non-homogeneous magnetic field of the intensity and the gradient used in this study does not significantly influence the growth of HeLa cells or Gin-1 cells. The Effects of Continuous Exposure to 20-kHz Sawtooth Magnetic Fields on the Litters of CD-1 Mice. Wiley MJ; Corey P; Kavet R; Charry J; Harvey S; Agnew D; Walsh M Teratology; 46 (4) p391-398 OCT 1992 *Mated CD-1 mice were exposed to 20-kHz sawtooth magnetic fields similar to those associated with video display terminals (VDT). Four groups of animals were continuously exposed from day 1 to day 18 of pregnancy to field strengths of 0, 3.6, 17, or 200-mu- T. There were no less than 185 mated dams in each exposure group. On day 18, the dams were sacrificed and assessed for weight gain and pregnancy. The litters were evaluated for numbers of implantations, fetal deaths and resorptions, gross external, visceral and skeletal malformations, and fetal weights. There were no less than 140 pregnant females in each group, and there were no significant differences between any of the exposure groups and the sham group (0- mu-T) for any of the end points. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that the 20-kHz VLF magnetic fields associated with video display terminals are teratogenic in mammals. Incidence of Cancer in Norwegian Workers Potentially Exposed to Electromagnetic Fields. Tynes T; Andersen A; Langmark F American Journal of Epidemiology; 136 (1) p81-88 JUL 1 1992 *The risk of cancer was investigated in a cohort of 37,945 male Norwegian electrical workers for whom information on job description was collected from 1960 census data and linked to the 1970 census data. The standardized incidence ratio was calculated for all cancer sites in the overall cohort by comparison with national incidence rates for economically active men at the 1960 census. The standardized incidence ratios for cancers of the breast, pleura (mesothelioma), larynx, and bladder and for soft tissue sarcoma were elevated, while those for non-Hodgkins and Hodgkins lymphoma were lower. The standardized incidence ratio for leukemia for electrical workers with 1 0 or more economically active years was 1.41. The standardized incidence ratio for brain tumors in this subgroup of electrical workers was 1.14. These results from a large, national, population-based study at the Cancer Registry of Norway give support to previous findings of a possible association between electrical work and the risk of leukemia. Magnetic Field-Induced Changes in Specific Gene Transcription. Phillips JL; Haggren W; Thomas WJ; Ishidajones T; Adey WR Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 1132 (2) p140-144 SEP 24 1992 *Magnetic fields are physical, environmental agents that have been shown to produce a variety of responses in cellular and animal studies, including general changes in gene transcription. In this study, the nuclear run-off assay has been employed to assess alterations in specific gene transcription in CEM-CM3 T- lymphoblastoid cells exposed for 15-120 min to a 1 gauss sinusoidal magnetic field at 60 Hz. Time-dependent and cell density-dependent changes in the transcription of c-fos, c-jun, c-myc and protein kinase C (beta-form) have been observed and quantitated. Additionally, changes in transcript levels, assessed by slot-blot analysis, have been found to parallel the changes in gene transcription. These data suggest an important role for magnetic field exposure in altering cellular processes. Lightning and Electrical Injury. Cox RAF Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine; 85 (10) p591-593 OCT 1992 Magnetic Fields in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Sandyk R; Anninos PA; Tsagas N; Derpapas K International Journal of Neuroscience; 63 (1-2) p141-150 1992 *Levodopa-induced dyskinesias are a common complication of chronic dopaminergic therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The overall prevalence of levodopa-induced dyskinesias ranges from 40%-90% and is related to the underlying disease process, pharmacologic factors, and to the duration of high dose levodopa therapy. The mechanisms underlying the emergence of levodopa-induced dyskinesias are unknown, although most investigators favor the theory that striatal dopamine receptor super-sensitivity is directly responsible for the development of these abnormal movements. In laboratory animals, the pineal hormone melatonin has been shown to regulate striatal dopaminergic activity and block levodopa-induced dyskinesias (Cotzias et al., 1971). Since the pineal gland is known to be a magnetosensitive organ and as application of external magnetic fields has been shown to alter melatonin secretion, we studied the effects of application of external artificial weak magnetic fields in a Parkinsonian patient with severe levodopa-induced dyskinesias (''on-off''). Application of weak magnetic fields with a frequency of 2 Hz and intensity of 7.5 picotesla (pT) for a 6 minute period resulted in a rapid and dramatic attenuation of Parkinsonian disability and an almost complete resolution of the dyskinesias. This effect persisted for about 72 hours after which the patient regressed to his pretreatment state. To ascertain if the responses elicited in the laboratory were reproducible, the patient was instructed to apply magnetic fields of the same characteristics daily at home. These subsequent treatments paralleled the initial response with a sustained improvement being maintained during an observation period lasting at least one month. This case demonstrates the efficacy of weak magnetic fields in the treatment of Parkinsonism and motor complications of chronic levodopa therapy. Synergism Between Electrolysis and Methylene Blue Photodynamic Action in Escherichia- Coli. Capella MAM; Menezes S International Journal of Radiation Biology; 62 (3) p321-326 SEP 1992 *There is interest in the use of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of certain diseases, including cancer. However, weak penetration of visible light in tissues has restricted its use. In this study the possibility of enhancing photodynamic effects by the use of energies that penetrate more deeply in tissues was investigated. Weak electric currents (1.0 mA) applied to Escherichia coli cells for short periods, producing little or no lethal damage, was found to act synergistically with the photodynamic action of methylene blue, significantly enhancing the effects of this treatment. This synergism exists also between electrolysis and X-rays but not between electrolysis and UV-254 nm. It is suggested that this synergism might eventually be used to improve the results obtained in therapeutic practice based on the utilization of photodynamic action. Potentiation of Atropine-Induced Retardation of Small Intestine Transit in Mice by a Pulsed Magnetic Field. Santini R; Seigne M Drug Development Research; 27 (1) p73-76 1992 *The interaction of a pulsed (100 and 50 Hz) magnetic field (90 muT) with the effect of atropine on small intestine transit was studied in mice. Both frequencies of the magnetic field significantly potentiated the atropine- induced delay in intestinal transit but did not affect intestinal transit per se. This result further strengthens previous observations on interactions between electromagnetic fields and the actions of drugs. On Sensitivity of Biological Objects to the Geomagnetic Field Effect. Zinchenko SY; Danilov VI Biofizika; 37 (4) p636-642 JUL- AUG 1992 *It is shown on the basis of calculations of energy sublevels of the hyperfine structure that the effect of the geomagnetic field upon the impurity atoms in the volume of living cells should be considered in relation to the value of geomagnetic field induction pulses DELTAB. When DELTAB greater-than-or-equal-to 10 pT and the dielectric constant epsilon greater-than-or- equal-to 10, magnetodipole transitions between sublevels of the hyperfine structure within one term are possible in impurity atoms in their 2P-state. During magnetic storms with DELTAB greater-than-or- equal-to 100 nT magnetodipole or magnetoquadrupole forced transitions from 2P1/2 and 2P3/2 states to 2S1/2 metastable state are possible in the resonant zones formed by intersection of hyperfine energy sublevels of the corresponding excited levels. Biological Detector of Faint Cosmophysical Fields. Kopvillem UK; Sharipov RZ; Zapolsky AM; Aisdaicher NA Biofizika; 37 (4) p643- 646 JUL-AUG 1992 *Possibility of use of biological object as a detector of faint cosmophysical fields is discussed. The signals of free induction and electric echo caused by a short-term effect of light with an intensity of approximately 0,2 mWt/sm2 on biological systems were observed. The experiments with Blatella germanica, Muska domestica were performed in vivo and with red and green seaweeds and yeast cells in vitro. The signals were detected by means of the dielectric permeability measurement in a dynamic regime. Main features of the observed responses are described and assuption on mechanisms of their origin are given. An example of registration of the Lunar eclipse on a detector with in active element of Blatella germanica is given. Effect of Solar Activity Fluctuations on Biological Systems. Sidyakin VG Biofizika; 37 (4) p647-652 JUL-AUG 1992 *It has been found that artificial weak electromagnetic fields imitating netural geomagnetic disturbances change the morpho- functional state of the central nervous system and responding reactions of the human and animal organism as a whole. Influence of Weakly Changing Magnetic Fields of Infralow Frequency of Many-Days Rhythms of Rats Sympatoadrenal System. Temurjants NA; Makeev VB; Malygina VI Biofizika; 37 (4) p653-655 JUL-AUG 1992 *It was found in open test that changing magnetic fields with 8 Hz frequency and 5 mcTl induction in daily 3 hours exposition on rats with a middle level of the mobile activity move the phase of diuresis dally rhythms and epinephrine and norepinephrine yield as well. In rats with desinchronosis provoked by hypokinesia the changing magnetic fields restore the synchronism of the studied processes. On the Problem of Cosmic Effect of Unknown Nature. Klochek NV; Palamarchuk LE; Plyusnina LA; Nikonova MV Biofizika; 37 (4) p656- 660 JUL-AUG 1992 *It has been shown that some processes on the Earth are subjected to cosmic effect of unknown nature which cannot be reduced to the electromagnetic fields. Related studies are discussed. Temporal Analysis of the Calls of Psychiatric Emergency Ambulance Unit. Shekhtman VM; Shepasov VA Biofizika; 37 (4) p661-666 JUL- AUG 1992 *6075 calls for the psychiatric emergency ambulance unit were reviewed. An analysis of the hourly and 24-hour number of calls showed the existence of 24-hour, lunar and seasonal rhythms in the frequency of calls. The correlation between clinical symptoms and the number of calls points to aggrevations of diseases. The accumulated data indicate that there is a connection between the dynamics of the psychopathological processes and ecological factors which are determined by periodic fluctuation of gravitation fields. Macroscopic Fluctuations of Diffusion Coefficient and Low Frequency Noise in Electrolyte. Morozov AN Biofizika; 37 (4) p667-668 JUL-AUG 1992 *A description of electric current noise in small volumes of an electrolyte induced by macroscopic fluctuation of the diffusion coefficient is presented. It is established that the upper limit of the time constant of the correlation coefficient does not exceed the quantity of 3.10(-8) seconds. The method of increasing the exsperiments sensitivity is also discussed. On Synchronizing Influence of Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields on Biological Systems. Martynjuk VS Biofizika; 37 (4) p669-673 JUL-AUG 1992 *Time-organization of lipid peroxidation and thiol groups exchange was examined. It was shown that one-divisible 3- hours effect of the extremely low magnetic fields depending on the frequency ensured formation of definite rhythm of the investigated process. The obtained results are considered as an evidence of frequency-dependent adoption of the magnetic fields by the living systems according to the mechanism of forced synchronization of elementary cyclic processes underlain by integral oscillations. Cosmophysical Correlations in Live and Nonlive Nature as a Manifestation of Weak Effects. Dmitrievsky IM Biofizika; 37 (4) p674-680 JUL-AUG 1992 *Determination of weak effects is proposed, their relationship with cosmophysical correlations is advanced. The experimental results are presented on the intensification coefficient of weak effects (10(4)) for polarized electromagnetic radiation. The magnetoresonance mechanism of weak effects is suggested. The experimental evidence in favor of this mechanism and its application to the problems of cosmophysical correlations are given. Influence of Infralow-Frequency Magnetic Field on the Nervous Cells Rhythm and Their Tolerance to Hypoxia. Agadjanian NA; Vlasova IG Biofizika; 37 (4) p681-689 JUL-AUG 1992 *The direct effect of infralow-frequency (0,05, 0,1, 0,25 Hz, 100 nT) magnetic fields (MF) was demonstrated on the brain cellular- tissue model-surviving slices of mouse cerebellum. MF influence is a trigger for the nervous cells. MF-5 Hz revealed two-phases response: inhibition and excitation of the impulse activity of neurons. Besides that we recorded convulsive effect of MF. The experiments with simultaneous exposure of hypoxia and MF revealed a prohypoxia effect of MF, when the oxygen concentration was very low and also after reoxygenation. The surviving slices may be used as a model for studying the fine mechanisms of influence of different intensity MF on the nervous cells. Transformation of the Solar-Geomagnetic Activity Impulses on Ecological Effective Disturbances of the Radon and Aeroion Fields of the Earth. Shemyizade AE Biofizika; 37 (4) p690-699 JUL-AUG 1992 *During the periods of intensified solar and geomagnetic activities the concentration of the radioactive gas radon in the atmosphere considerably increases. Correspondingly the concentration of the airoions increases. The basis of this phenomenon mechanism lies in magnetostriction of rocks. which leads to the squeezing radon out of the pores of the rocks. Changes in the environment produce influence over the living beings. Cosmophysical Fluctuations and Human Embryo Development. Moiseeva NI Biofizika; 37 (4) p700-704 JUL-AUG 1992 *An analysis of the dependence of embryonic pathology development on geliocosmic factors is conducted and regular changes of the appearance of different kinds of pathology depending on geliocosmic situations in different months of the year are shown. Periods of conception of increasing amount of children with different disturbances of development coincide with values of the Wolf's number and sun-radiation stream density of certain ranges in comparison with the mean values, the same indexes are in conformity with the periods of conception of children having haemolytic disease and diabetic foetopathy. Geocosmic Factors in the Adaptation of Intracellular Energetics at Pathology of Pregnants and Confining Women and Children. Kachergene NB; Vernitskaite RB; Dailidene NK Biofizika; 37 (4) p705-709 JUL-AUG 1992 *It has been shown that geocosmic fluctuations, instability of the Earth magnetic field, increased concentrations of the atmosphere chemical pollutions are risk factors aggravating intrauterine and postnatal ontogenesis. Correlation of the Risk of Oncological Breast Disease and Solar Activity. Ryabykh TP; Bodrova NB Biofizika; 37 (4) p710-715 JUL- AUG 1992 *A contigent with high incidence of precancerous breast diseases (1080 persons) was studied to assess the relationship between solar activity and 1) alterations in the relationship between women with early menarhe and women with middle and late menarhe (high and low risk of breast cancer respectively) and 2) incidence of benign breast diseases. It was established that population content alterations were wave-like and had statistically significant periods 3,5; 7 and 12 years, and correlate with Wolf number changes. Incidence of benign breast diseases in the group aged 20-50 years also changed periodically (T=11 years) depending on the birth-year and correlated conversely with Wolf numbers at the birth- years. Incidence of benign breast diseases changes periodically in the population of women with early menarhe with the period of 3.6 years, and in those with middle and late menarche - with the periods of 10.5, 3.2 and 4 years. There is a statistically significant correlation between the incidence of benign breast diseases and Wolf numbers in population of women with middle and late menarhe. Relationship Between the Interplanetary Magnetic Sector Structure and the Hematologic Indexes in the Norm and at Tumoral Process. Ryabykh TP; Mansurova LG Biofizika; 37 (4) p716-719 JUL-AUG 1992 *Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) sector polarity was compared to hematologic indexes of normal mice and mice after single injection of carcinogen 1,2- Dimethylhydrazine. It has been established that the hemoglobin level and the number of leucocytes in the standard blood volume depend on IMF sector polarity, both indexes are higher at +IMF, than at -IMF. Mice injected with carcinogen have mainly higher hemoglobin level at +IMF and mainly lower one at -IMF than the control mice. Modulation of Energy Exchange in Lymphocytes of the Child by Natural Physical Factors. Petrichuk SV; Gaytinova AA; Shishenko VM; Narcissov RP Biofizika; 37 (4) p720-728 JUL- AUG 1992 *The aim of this work is exploration of natural physical factors influencing change of age- dependent energy exchange parameters (e. g. activity of SDG) in healthy and premature children. 35 healthy and 35 premature children were investigated over 11 years from early antenatal and postnatal period. Cytochemical investigations were carried out 1-2 time a year until 6 years of age. Solar activity, geomagnetic excitability, air temperature and atmospheric pressure and its diurnal variation on index represented environmental factors. It is suggested that quiet magnetic field might be a predictor of higher level of SDG activity and vice versa. Higher activity of magnetic field leads to displacement of maximum-age of SDG activity to an earlier age. Lymphocytes react to magnetic storm in a phasic manner. Other physical environmental factors might have reciprocal effect so that some of them could negate the effect of others. If intrauterine development took place in a year of higher solar activity, early- development results. However, later development is characterized by lower level of SDG activity. On premature children, as well as in healthy subjects, the more influencing factors on energetic age-dependent parameters are geomagnetic field and variation of atmospheric SDG activity in healthy children is within normal range (and has a training effect), while in premature children depression of hydrogenase in the end stage. On Possible Effect of the Gravitation Field Parameters on Indices of the Brain Functional Asymmetry. Volchek OD Biofizika; 37 (4) p729-732 JUL-AUG 1992 *Correlation of the brain functional asymmetry (BFA) in 2400 humans born in 1930-1984 and numbers of the joining of planets, moon and the Sun was investigated in corresponding years of conception and birth. A significant correlation with BFA was found in men, while there was no such correlation in women. Influence of Geomagnetic Field Fluctuations and Its Screening on Early Phases of Higher Plant Germination. Govorun RD; Danilov VI; Fomicheva VM; Beljavskaja NA; Zinchenko SY Biofizika; 37 (4) p738-744 JUL-AUG 1992 *Seeds sprouting of pea, lentil and flax and growth of their sprouts were investigated (spring- summer period of 1985-1988) under the conditions of geomagnetic field and its screening in 10(-5)-10(-6) times using the installation <> (MS) designed in JINR. It was shown that seeds sprouting and sprouts growth remained under MS. Dominating effects of MS were a delay of seeds sprouting (67% of experiments) and inhibition of sprout growth (79% of experiments). A connection between the geomagnetic fluctuations and sprouts growth was noted. It has been shown experimentally that more rapid growth of sprouts under the conditions of the geomagnetic field occurs when the level of absorbed electromagnetic energy W(EM) exceeds the minimal value which equals (determined up to additive constant) less-than-or- equal-to 13-14 nT2/day. Proliferative Activity and Cell Reproduction in Meristems of Root Seedlings of Pea, Flax and Lentil Under Conditions of Screening of the Geomagnetic Field. Fomicheva VM; Govorun RD; Danilov VI Biofizika; 37 (4) p745-749 JUL-AUG 1992 *The proliferative activity and cell reproduction in meristems of root seedlings of pea, flax and lentil have been investigated under conditions of the geomagnetic field (GMF) by about 10(5)- 10(6) times. Reduction of the proliferative pool to the level of 68-75% to cells has been observed, whereas under GMF conditions it was 90-96%. The lengthening of the total cell reproductive cycle was registered at the G1-period expanse for all the examined plants and also the G2-period for lentil and especially for flax, as the lengths of other periods of the cell cycle were standard. It has been shown that the proliferative activity of generative tissues was that of a sensor giving evidence about the GMF significance for normal development of plants. Dynamics of RNA and Protein Synthesis in Cells of Root Meristem of Pea, Flax and Lentil Under Conditions of Screening of the Geomagnetic Field. Fomicheva VM; Zaslavsky VA; Govorun RD; Danilov VI Biofizika; 37 (4) p750-758 JUL-AUG 1992 *The dynamics of RNA and protein synthesis in cells of root meristems of pea, flax and lentil was investigated under conditions of the geomagnetic field (GMF) and its screening in about 10(5)-10(6) times. Reduction of the functional genome activity of all the examined plants was shown under GMF screening in the early prereplicative period. Dynamics of RNA and protein synthesis in the corresponding plants was similar under both conditions, but the stages of their reduction and increase under GMF screening came 3-9 hours later. The causes of observed changes under GMF screening and the role of GMF in normal activity of plants were discussed. Structure-Functional Organization of Meristem Cells of Pea, Flax and Lentil Roots Under Conditions of the Geomagnetic Field Screening. Beljavskaja NA; Fomicheva VN; Govorun RD; Danilov VI Biofizika; 37 (4) p759-768 JUL-AUG 1992 *A series of special features of cells in meristems of root seedlings of pea, flax and lentil under the conditions of the geomagnetic field (GMF) screening has been revealed with electronic microscopic methods. At the same time in comparison with the seedlings that were under the natural GMF fluctuations, the exchanges in different cell structures have been found that were the most significant in mitochondria. Several components of lytic compartment and presence of a large number of lipid drops have been found, that were most pronounced in pea. The general cell reaction in meristems of seedlings of the examined plants has been found with electronic cytochemical investigations: the appearance of free and weakly connected calcium in gialoplazma that was absent practically in the plants under GMF conditions. The intensity of its display increases in range of plants: flax, pea, lentil. The results of investigations testify great significance of GMF in plants life as one of the factors which determine metabolism in cells. On the Problem Concerning Reproducibility of Magnetobiological Experiments. Sapogov AS Biofizika; 37 (4) p769-771 JUL-AUG 1992 *Ability of the geomagnetic field to influence the effects of reproducibility in magnetobiological investigations with the use of unnatural magnetic fields has been shown. during experiments with seeds of oats and wheat. Synchronization of Biosynthesis Activity of Microbial Producers Under Cosmogeophysical Rhythms. Kuznetsov AE Biofizika; 37 (4) p772-784 JUL-AUG 1992 *The results of laboratory experiments with synchronous yeast cells Candida utilis were given. An external rhythm influence on the yeast cells growth in a batch cultivation system was established. The results of statistical processing of the experimental data showed the presence of statistically significant 160.009+/-0.006 min oscillations in variability of the specific growth rate of the yeasts population. This fact testifies in favour of the 160.01 min Sun global oscillations effect on C. utilis growth. Some results of industrial fermentation productions using microorganisms and plant cell culture were analysed. A time series analysis of about 100000 data showed the presence of periodicities in the interval 6-300 d mainly similar to the values n/m.T(i), (where n, m = 1, 2, ...- shot integer numbers. T(i) - one of the values 27.3d, 29.5d, 23d, 28d, 33d). These numbers are equal to the known cosmophysical (27.3, 29.5) or hypothetical physical, emotional and intellectual rhythms. A possibility of principle forecast for fermentation results under standard conditions based on preceding data was shown. Indices of Solar and Geomagnetic Activity. Dubov EE; Khromova TP Biofizika; 37 (4) p785- 804 JUL-AUG 1992 *The most widely used indices of solar and geomagnetic activity are described. Planets, Sun and Biosphere. Gorshkov MM Biofizika; 37 (4) p805- 816 JUL-AUG 1992 *Possibility of indirect effects of planets on the processes in the biosphere owing to gravitational influence on the solar activity variability is discussed. After general formulation of the problem in the planetary theory of the solar activity the fact is marked that until the present time only most simple ways were used: 1) search of the planetary periods in time series of the solar activity observations; 2) determination of correlations between the solar activity and configurations of planets; 3) application of the static tidal theory for the explanation of the solar activity; 4) influence of the Sun orbital motion in relation to the barycentre of the solar system; 5) some attempts to take into account the significance of the spin-orbital interaction in the Sun dynamics. Some predictions of the solar activity made on the basis of the planetary theory, criticism of this theory and trends of further investigations are discussed. The significance of the planetary theory of the solar activity for predicting processes in the biosphere is emphasized. Reaction of Rats with Various Constitutional Features to Changing Magnetic Fields of Infralow Frequency. Temurjants NA; Grabowskaja EY Biofizika; 37 (4) p817-820 JUL-AUG 1992 *The influence of 8 Hz frequency and 5 mcTl induction changing magnetic fields on the functional state of blood neutrophiles, sympathoadrenal system and brain integrative activity in rats with low, middle and high level of mobility was investigated in open test. It was found out that changing magnetic fields provoke the stress-reaction development in rats with low mobile activity. The adaptation which develops in rats with high and middle mobile activity comes later by 5-7 days in high mobility rats. Processing of Biorhythmological Data by Modified Cosinor- Analyses Method. Sviatukha VA Biofizika; 37 (4) p821-824 JUL-AUG 1992 *Modified Cosinor-Analyses method used in processing of biorhythmological data is considered. Advantages of modified method and its practical results are shown. Assumption of oscillations with the periods of 4-6 hours in humans daily physiological activity is confirmed. Natural and Technogenic Electromagnetic Background and Its Effect on the Environment. Protasevich ET Biofizika; 37 (4) p825-831 JUL-AUG 1992 *Causes of the initiation of natural and technogenic electromagnetic background, its effect on the man and environment are considered. Ideas are discussed of eliminating negative consequences of the effects of electromagnetic waves of different range on the man. Interactions Between Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Systems. Durney CH Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p19-34 1992 Molecular and Cellular Responses to Orientation Effects in Static and Homogeneous Ultra High Magnetic Fields. Decertaines JD Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p35-43 1992 Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field Exposure from MRI/MRS Procedures - Implications for Patients (Acute Exposures) and Operational Personnel (Chronic Exposures). Prato FS; Kavaliers M; Ossenkopp KP; Carson JJL; Drost DJ; Frappier JRH Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p44-58 1992 Biological Interactions of Cellular Systems with Time- Varying Magnetic Fields. Liburdy RP Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p74-95 1992 An Overview of Electromagnetic Safety Considerations Associated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Kanal E Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p204-224 1992 Dosimetry and Effects of MR Exposure to RF and Switched Magnetic Fields. Schaefer DJ Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p225-236 1992 Health and Physiological Effects of Human Exposure to Whole- Body 4-Tesla Magnetic Fields During MRI. Schenck JF Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p285-301 1992 Safety of Patients with Medical Devices During Application of Magnetic Resonance Methods. Pohost GM; Blackwell GG; Shellock FG Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p302-312 1992 Comparison of the Effect of ELF on c-myc Oncogene Expression in Normal and Transformed Human Cells. Czerska E; Casamento J; Ning J; Swicord M; Albarazi H; Davis C; Elson E Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p340-342 1992 Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier of the Rat Is Not Significantly Altered by NMR Exposure. Liburdy RP; Demanincor DJ; Roos MS; Brennan KM Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p345-349 1992 The Effects of a Single Intraoperative Immersion in Various Chemical Agents and Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Onlay Bone Grafts to the Facial Skeleton. Ning JT; Wornom IL Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p350-352 1992 Comparison of the Effect of ELF on Total RNA Content in Normal and Transformed Human Cells. Ning J; Casamento J; Czerska E; Swicord M; Albarazi H; Davis C; Elson E Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p353- 355 1992 Increased Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier Induced by Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields. Persson BRR; Salford LG; Brun A; Eberhardt JL; Malmgren L Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy; p356-358 1992 The 1st Direct Observation of Magnetic Field Effects on the Dynamic Behavior of Radical Pairs Involving Group 14 Silicon and Germanium Centered Radicals. Wakasa M; Sakaguchi Y; Hayashi H Journal of the American Chemical Society; 114 (21) p8171-8176 OCT 7 1992 *Laser flash photolysis was performed on micellar solutions and oil emulsions of organosilicon and organogermanium compounds ((aryl)nMen-4E: E = Si or Ge) in the absence and presence of magnetic fields at room temperature. The dynamic behavior of the silyl and germyl radicals formed upon decomposition of the triplet states was directly observed. The lifetime of the radical pair of group 14 clement centered and aryl radicals and the yields of the escaped silyl and germyl radicals were observed to increase with magnetic field strength increasing from 0 to 1.35 T. Malignant Melanoma of the Skin Among Workers in a Telecommunications Industry - A Mortality Study 1976-83. Deguire L; Cyr D; Theriault G; Provencher S; Iturra H; Case BW British Journal of Industrial Medicine; 49 (10) p728-731 OCT 1992 *An incidence study of malignant melanoma of the skin (MMS), conducted previously among the workers of four plants of a large telecommunications industry located in Montreal, Canada, showed a standardised incidence ratio of 2-7 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3-5.02) for the years 1976 to 1983. To describe more precisely the magnitude of the problem a mortality study was started among the same population (n = 9590) for the same period (1976-83). At the end of 1983, 9180 workers were alive, 261 were dead, and 149 (1-5%) were not traced. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all causes of death were surprisingly low for men (SMR = 0.57; 95% CI 0-50-0.64) and women (SMR = 0.56; 95% Cl 0.37-0.82). The SMRs for major causes of death were also less than expected. These results may be explained by a pronounced selection bias (healthy worker effect) and by the short duration of follow up (eight years). For MMS, two deaths occurred among men (SMR = 2-00; 95% Cl 0.24-7.22) and one among women (SMR = 4.81; 95% CI 0.12-26-78). A third man who died of MMS was miscoded as having a primary pulmonary melanoma. Including this case increased the SMR for MMS to 3-00 (95% CI 0.62-8.77; p = 0- 08). Polyvinyl chloride and polychlorinated biphenyls were used in the plants and some of the workers did soldering. A planned case-control study will investigate other possible exposures at work. Pulsed Static Magnetic Field Effects on Invitro Pineal Indoleamine Metabolism. Richardson BA; Yaga K; Reiter RJ; Morton DJ Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 1137 (1) p59-64 OCT 6 1992 *In-vitro rat pineal glands stimulated with the beta- adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol to induce melatonin synthesis and exposed for 1 h to a pulsed 0.4-G static magnetic field demonstrated significant inhibition of serotonin-N- acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content. 2-h exposure to pulsed magnetic field also resulted in a significant reduction in isoproterenol- induced serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity. These results support the idea that the cultured pineal gland can be affected directly by artificially generated weak magnetic fields. Epidemiologic Studies of Electric and Magnetic Fields and Cancer - A Case Study of Distortions by the Media. Jauchem JR Journal of Clinical Epidemiology; 45 (10) p1137-1142 OCT 1992 *Articles alleging hazards of electric or magnetic fields, based on epidemiologic studies, have appeared in the popular press. Some of these articles, which contain distortions of the scientific evidence, have been cited in the scientific and medical literature, thereby being given some degree of apparent legitimacy. In particular, articles appeared in 1989 in The New Yorker magazine, claiming a strong association between exposure to electric or magnetic fields and cancer. Assertions made in these articles (and a book dealing with essentially the same information) have been challenged by members of the scientific community. This paper will identify some additional misconceptions presented in two more recent articles from The New Yorker. Scientists and physicians should be aware of the deficiencies in these articles, and are encouraged to seek a more balanced view of the research performed in this area. Editorial - Weak Magnetic Fields as a Novel Therapeutic Modality in Parkinson's Disease. Sandyk R International Journal of Neuroscience; 66 (1-2) p1-15 1992 Clinical Case Report - Weak Magnetic Fields in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with the On-Off Phenomenon. Sandyk R International Journal of Neuroscience; 66 (1-2) p97-106 1992 *Application of external weak magnetic fields recently has been reported to be efficacious in the treatment of a 62- year-old patient with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) complicated by levodopa-induced fluctuations in motor response (''on-off''). I report an additional case of a 67- year-old man with idiopathic PD and levodopa-related motor fluctuations who likewise experienced marked and sustained improvement in Parkinsonian symptoms and amelioration of ''on-off'' symptoms following the application of external weak magnetic fields. Based on these observations it is concluded that artificial weak magnetic fields may be beneficial for the treatment of PD complicated by levodopa- related ''on-off'' phenomenon. Furthermore, since in experimental animals external magnetic fields alter the secretion of melatonin, which in turn has been shown to regulate striatal and mesolimbic dopamine-mediated behaviors, it is proposed that the antiParkinsonian effects of weak magnetic fields are mediated via the pineal gland. Microwave Effects on Input Resistance and Action Potential Firing of Snail Neurons. Ginsburg KS; Lin JC; Oneill WD IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; 39 (10) p1011-1021 OCT 1992 *Excitable tissues have been reported to respond to weak microwave (MW) fields, possibly by nonlinear perturbation of a cellular process such as ion conduction across membranes. We sought effects of MW (continuous wave, 2.45 GHz, specific absorption rates 12.5 or 125 mW/g) on input resistances and action potential (AP) intervals of neurons in ganglia of snails (Helix aspersa), at 20.9 +/- 0.1- degrees-C. At 12.5 mW/g, input resistance did not change during irradiation, but increased (p < 0.05) afterward. At 125 mW/g, input resistance during irradiation was lower than in unirradiated controls. Serial correlograms changed marginally more frequently in MW experiments than in controls, but the changes had no consistent pattern. The AP firing rate was affected by MW, but the direction was not consistent across cells. When AP generation was modeled as being due to a neuronal input current, MW did not affect its mean, standard deviation, or autocorrelation. Unlike MW, temperature changes caused neurons to respond robustly and reversibly. Threshold for changing input resistance was 0.63-degrees-C. The data suggest that MW may enhance degenerative effects such as metabolic rundown or loss of ion channel patency, but do not indicate a specific mechanism for MW interaction with neurons. Electromagnetic Field Effects on Cells of the Immune System - The Role of Calcium Signaling. Walleczek J FASEB Journal; 6 (13) p3177-3185 OCT 1992 *During the past decade considerable evidence has accumulated demonstrating that nonthermal exposures of cells of the immune system to extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (< 300 Hz) can elicit cellular changes that might be relevant to in vivo immune activity. A similar responsiveness to nonionizing electromagnetic energy in this frequency range has also been documented for tissues of the neuroendocrine and musculoskeletal system. However, knowledge about the underlying biological mechanisms by which such fields can induce cellular changes is still very limited. It is generally believed that the cell membrane and Ca2+- regulated activity is involved in bioactive ELF field coupling to living systems. This article begins with a short review of the current state of knowledge concerning the effects of nonthermal levels of ELF electromagnetic fields on the biochemistry and activity of immune cells and then closely examines new results that suggest a role for Ca2+ in the induction of these cellular field effects. Based on these findings it is proposed that membrane- mediated Ca2+ signaling processes are involved in the mediation of field effects on the immune system. Pulsed Electric Current Enhances the Phorbol Ester Induced Oxidative Burst in Human Neutrophils. Bobanovic F; Simcic S; Kotnik V; Vodovnik L FEBS Letters; 311 (2) p95-98 OCT 19 1992 *Oxidative burst (OB) response in human neutrophils, measured with chemiluminescence (CL), has been used to determine whether pulsed electric current (PEC) might induce a functional response in these electrically nonexcitable cells, and also whether it might modify cellular response to tumor-promoting phorbol ester (PMA). Five minutes of PEC treatment caused no significant changes in neutrophil CL levels in HBSS (1.2 mM Ca2+ concentration) as well as in HBSS-EGTA, where the extracellular Ca2+ concentration was reduced to less than 30 nM. The CL level of PMA-activated neutrophils in HBSS was 52% higher than in HBSS- EGTA. In HBSS the CL level, after the combined PMA and PEC treatment, was 53% higher than in PMA-alone-treated neutrophils. Activation of the OB in HBSS-EGTA with PMA and PEC was 13% higher than in solely PMA treated neutrophils. The results suggest that in neutrophil OB response, the PEC effect is closely related with cellular calcium mobilization, since depletion of extracellular Ca2+ decreased the PEC effect. Magnetic Fields in the Therapy of Parkinsonism. Sandyk R International Journal of Neuroscience; 66 (3-4) p209-235 1992 *In a recent Editorial published in this Journal, I presented a new and revolutionary method for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). I reported that extracranial treatment with picoTesla magnetic fields (MF) is a highly effective, safe, and revolutionary modality in the symptomatic management of PD. My conclusion was based on experience gained following the successful treatment of over 20 Parkinsonian patients, two of whom had levodopa- induced dyskinesias. None of the patients developed side effects during a several month period of follow- up. In the present communication, I present two reports. The first concerns four Parkinsonian patients in whom picoTesla MF produced a remarkable and sustained improvement in disability. Three of the patients had idiopathic PD and the fourth patient developed a Parkinsonian syndrome following an anoxic episode. In all patients, treatment with MF was applied as an adjunct to antiParkinsonian medication. The improvement noted in these patients attests to the efficacy of picoTesla MF as an additional, noninvasive modality in the therapy of the disease. The second report concerns two demented Parkinsonian patients in whom treatment with picoTesla MF rapidly reversed visuospatial impairment as demonstrated by the Clock Drawing Test. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the efficacy of these MF in the amelioration of cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. Since Alzheimer's pathology frequently coexists with the dementia of Parkinsonism, these observations underscore the potential efficacy of picoTesla MF in the treatment of dementias of various etiologies. Successful Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Magnetic Fields. Sandyk R International Journal of Neuroscience; 66 (3-4) p237-250 1992 *The present communication concerns a 50 year-old woman with a 15 year history of chronic- progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) in whom extracranial application of picoTesla magnetic fields (MF) produced a dramatic and sustained improvement in disability. In contrast, administration of melatonin (3 mg, P.O.) produced in this patient a rapid exacerbation of disability which was reversed subsequently by treatment with MF. It is hypothesized that the therapeutic effects of picoTesla MF involve the mediation of the pineal gland which is known to act as a magnetosensor. The report demonstrates, for the first time, the remarkable efficacy of weak MF in the symptomatic treatment of chronic-progressive MS and underscores the pivotal role of the pineal gland in the pathophysiology of MS. If confirmed by a larger cohort of patients, extracranial application of picoTesla MF may prove as an extremely efficacious, nonpharmacological modality for the treatment of MS. Effect of 60-Hz Magnetic Fields on Ultraviolet Light- Induced Mutation and Mitotic Recombination in Saccharomyces- Cerevisiae. Ager DD; Radul JA Mutation Research; 283 (4) p279-286 DEC 1992 *The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields on the induction of genetic damage. In general, mutational studies involving ELF magnetic fields have proven negative. However, studies examining sister- chromatid exchange and chromosome aberrations have yielded conflicting results. In this study, we have examined whether 60- Hz magnetic fields are capable of inducing mutation or mitotic recombination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition we determined whether magnetic fields were capable of altering the genetic response of S. cerevisiae to UV (254 nm). We measured the frequencies of induced mutation, gene conversion and reciprocal mitotic crossing-over for exposures to magnetic fields alone (1 mT) or in combination with various UV exposures (2-50 J/m2). These experiments were performed using a repair-proficient strain (RAD+), as well as a strain of yeast (rad3) which is incapable of excising UV-induced thymine dimers. Magnetic field exposures did not induce mutation, gene conversion or reciprocal mitotic crossing-over in either of these strains, nor did the fields influence the frequencies of UV-induced genetic events. Rapid Structural Changes in Nerve Fibers Evoked by Electric Current Pulses. Tasaki I; Byrne PM Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications; 188 (2) p559-564 OCT 30 1992 D600, a Ca2+ Antagonist, Prevents Stimulation of Nerve Regeneration by Magnetic Fields. Rusovan A; Kanje M Neuroreport; 3 (9) p813-814 SEP 1992 *WE have found that regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve is stimulated if the rats are exposed to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field. In this study we investigated the effect of a Ca2+ antagonist, methoxyverapamil (D600) on this response. D600 was administered to the regenerating segment of the nerve via implanted osmotic minipumps. Magnetic field exposure increased regeneration distances in vehicle perfused nerves. This enhancement was blocked by perfusion with D600 at a concentration which alone failed to affect outgrowth of nerve fibres, lending support to the idea that Ca2+ fluxes could be involved in mediating the biological actions of magnetic fields. An Overview of the Effects of Convergent Magnetic Ionizing Radiation on Biological Function. Power S Medical Hypotheses; 39 (2) p175-181 OCT 1992 *This paper provides new theoretical premises for understanding issues in 'biopelectromagnetics'. It firstly explains how converging magnetic fields, e.g. dipoles, can exert pressure on electrolyte distribution in an aqueous medium, and then it expands on this point to explain how this magnetic pressure is, in one extreme, a potential cancer causing force in the environment, and is, in another sense, a powerful new technique in cancer treatment. Included in this examination is a short analysis of the importance of this force in the morphogenesis of the fetus, and in the control of chromatic expression after the fact. Effect of Chronic Exposure to a Magnetic Field on 2 Forms of Murine Aggression. Almaliki SJ; Alrawi F Behavioural Processes; 27 (3) p171-178 OCT 1992 *The effect of continuous exposure to a relatively strong magnetic field for about 3-4 weeks were evaluated on social (inter-male) aggression in isolated males and on maternal attack by lactating female mice. This study revealed that exposure to intense fields produced a significant reduction in social and maternal aggression towards anosmic (passive) standard opponent intruders. The detailed ethologically-assessed results indicate that such exposure produces a significant decline in most behavioural categories recorded throughout this study in isolated male and lactating female mice. Defensive behaviour, however, seemed enhanced in lactating mice. These results may be explained in terms of the magnetic fields interfering with the function of the central nervous system or the physiological substrates which control such types of behaviour. Evidence That Fin Whales Respond to the Geomagnetic Field During Migration. Walker MM; Kirschvink JL; Ahmed G; Dizon AE Journal of Experimental Biology; 171 p67-78 OCT 1992 *We challenge the hypothesis that fin whales use a magnetic sense to guide migration by testing for associations between geophysical parameters and the positions where fin whales were observed over the continental shelf off the northeastern United States. Monte Carlo simulations estimated the probability that the distribution of fin whale sightings was random with respect to bottom depth, bottom slope and the intensity and gradient of the geomagnetic field. The simulations demonstrated no overall association of sighting positions with any of these four geophysical parameters. Analysis of the data by season, however, demonstrated statistically reliable associations of sighting positions with areas of low geomagnetic intensity and gradient in winter and fall, respectively, but no association of sighting positions with bathymetric parameters in any season. An attempt to focus on migrating animals by excluding those observed feeding confirmed the associations of sighting positions with low geomagnetic intensity and gradient in winter and fall, respectively, and revealed additional associations with low geomagnetic gradients in winter and spring. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that fin whales, and perhaps other mysticete species, possess a magnetic sense that they use to guide migration. Magnetic Compass Orientation Is Eliminated Under Near- Infrared Light in the Eastern Red- Spotted Newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Phillips JB; Borland SC Animal Behaviour; 44 (4) p796-797 OCT 1992 Radioactive Decay as a Source of a Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field. Markov GP; Stanko VI Biofizika; 37 (5) p999-1001 SEP-OCT 1992 *It has been found for the first time that radioactive decay is a source of the low-frequency electromagnetic field. Radioactive decay Co-57 with the activity 10 mki taken as an example, an electromagnetic signal was discovered within the range 25-40 Hz. Electrochemical Treatment of Cancer and Induction of Cancer. Nordenstrom BEW Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p73-75 1992; Electrochemical Treatment of Cancer and Induction of Cancer - Reply. Becker RO Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p77-83 1992 The Effect of Microwave Radiation on Binding of Propyl-2,3- -Dehydroalprenolol to beta-Adrenergic Receptors of Rat Erythrocyte Membranes. Leonteva GA; Kim YA; Fomenko BS Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p85-89 1992 *The effect of microwave radiation (2450 MHz) on binding of the ligand propyl-2,3-[H-3]- dehydroalprenolol to beta- adrenergic receptors of rat erythrocyte membranes has been studied. It is shown that microwave exposure decreases specific binding of the ligand to receptors. The effect is dependent on time of exposure (66.2% on 10 min exposure and 37.3% on 30 min exposure). EDTA and heparin used as anticoagulants do not significantly alter the experimental results. However, the Ca2+ content in the incubation medium is essential for the effect. Exposure of erythrocytes isolated in the presence of EDTA and incubated in Hanks' solution without Ca2+ has no effect on binding. The effect is manifest when Ca2+ is added to the specimen exposed. Possible mechanisms of action of microwaves on the studied parameter are discussed. Effects of a Static Magnetic Field on Hemodynamics During Administration of a Cell Membrane Calcium Channel Blocking Agent. Gmitrov J; Gmitrova A Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p91-95 1992 *We investigated the influence of a 0.2 T static magnetic field (SMF) on the carotid sinus region in rabbits during infusion of a cell membrane calcium channel blocking agent (verapamil). The experiments were carried out under pentobarbital anesthesia. Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration were also monitored. Contrary to our earlier studies without verapamil (1-4), the SMF had no significant effect on blood pressure and heart rate during verapamil infusion. Changes in calcium membrane channel transport might be participants in SMF effects on sinocarotid baroreceptors. Chromosome DNA as a Target of Resonant Interaction Between Escherichia-coli Cells and Low Intensity Millimeter Waves. Belyaev IY; Alipov YD; Shcheglov VS Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p97-108 1992 *The method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD) was used to study the influence of nonthermal microwaves on the genome conformational state (GCS) of Escherichia coli cells. 20- Gy X-rayed cells were exposed to circularly polarized microwaves at seven frequencies of the 51.62- 51.84 GHz band in which linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation (EMR) resonantly inhibits repair of X-ray- induced changes in the GCS. At all the frequencies that were studied, right-handed-polarized microwaves effectively influenced the GCS of X-rayed cells, whereas left- handed polarization was virtually ineffective. And conversely, right-handed polarization was ineffective and the left-handed polarized EMR effectively influenced the GCS when intact cells were exposed to microwaves. The two resonance dependences of millimeter waves' effect on the GCS of E. coli cells (both preliminarily irradiated and unirradiated by X- rays) had the same resonance frequency of 51.76 GHz, and a half-width of the resonance of about 100 MHz. Relative efficiency of circularly polarized components of EMR at this resonance frequency was studied, depending on the dose of radiation applied to the cells. It was shown that the effects of left- and right-handed EMRs become the same at 50 cGy. This dose is too small to damage any cellular structures except DNA. It was estimated that the dose induces about one single-strand DNA break per genome of the bacterial cell. Seen from the standpoint of the previously suggested physical model, the results suggest that the target of resonant interaction between E. coli cells and millimeter waves appears to be chromosomal DNA. Chromosome DNA as a Target of Resonant Interaction Between Escherichia-coli Cells and Low Intensity Millimeter Waves. Belyaev IY; Alipov YD; Shcheglov VS Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p97-108 1992 *The method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD) was used to study the influence of nonthermal microwaves on the genome conformational state (GCS) of Escherichia coli cells. 20- Gy X-rayed cells were exposed to circularly polarized microwaves at seven frequencies of the 51.62- 51.84 GHz band in which linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation (EMR) resonantly inhibits repair of X-ray- induced changes in the GCS. At all the frequencies that were studied, right-handed-polarized microwaves effectively influenced the GCS of X-rayed cells, whereas left- handed polarization was virtually ineffective. And conversely, right-handed polarization was ineffective and the left-handed polarized EMR effectively influenced the GCS when intact cells were exposed to microwaves. The two resonance dependences of millimeter waves' effect on the GCS of E. coli cells (both preliminarily irradiated and unirradiated by X- rays) had the same resonance frequency of 51.76 GHz, and a half-width of the resonance of about 100 MHz. Relative efficiency of circularly polarized components of EMR at this resonance frequency was studied, depending on the dose of radiation applied to the cells. It was shown that the effects of left- and right-handed EMRs become the same at 50 cGy. This dose is too small to damage any cellular structures except DNA. It was estimated that the dose induces about one single-strand DNA break per genome of the bacterial cell. Seen from the standpoint of the previously suggested physical model, the results suggest that the target of resonant interaction between E. coli cells and millimeter waves appears to be chromosomal DNA. Local Treatment of Murine Tumors by Electric Direct Current. Miklavcic D; Vodovnik L; Bobanovic F; Rebersek S; Sersa G; Novakovic S; Golouh R Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p109- 125 1992 *Low-level direct current (0.2-1.8 mA) was demonstrated to be an antitumor agent on two different murine tumor models (fibrosarcoma Sa-1 and melanoma B-16), and has been suggested for regional cancer treatment. Its antitumor effect was achieved by introduction of single or multiple- array needle electrodes (Pt- Ir alloy) in the tumor and (an)other electrode(s) subcutaneously in its vicinity. The electrode inserted in the tumor was made anodic (anodic electrotherapy, ET) or cathodic (cathodic ET). In control groups, animals were subjected to exactly the same procedures with needle electrodes inserted at usual sites without current. In single-stimulus ET performed after the tumors have reached approximately 50 mm3 in volume with 0.2, 0.6, and 1.0 mA for 30, 60, and 90 min, cathodic ET exhibited better antitumor effect than anodic ET. In both cases and at all ET durations, the antitumor effect depended proportionally on the current level applied. The antitumor effect was evaluated by following tumor growth and by microscopic estimation of the necrotization of the tumor area immediately after ET, and 24, 48, and 72 h posttreatment. Necrotization produced by cathodic ET was observed to be immediate and extensive whereas anodic ET resulted in increased necrotization only at 24 h posttreatment. In both cases the extent of necrosis was significantly higher than in control and was centrally located (site of electrode), whereas in controls it was sporadic, distributed randomly over the whole tumor area. When current was delivered via multiple-array electrode ET, the antitumor effect was slightly better in cathodic ET compared to single-electrode ET. Employing cathodic multiple-array electrode ET and using higher currents, i.e., 1.0, 1.4, and 1.8 mA in melanoma B-16, 20% and 40% cures were achieved by 1.4 and 1.8 mA single-shot ET of 1 h duration, respectively, whereas in fibrosarcoma Sa-1 no cures were accomplished. In general, different susceptibility of the two tumor models to ET was noticeable. Comparing tumor growth and necrotization after the application of direct current (0.6 mA) and alternating current (0.0 mA mean, 0.6 mA RMS), it appeared that alternating current had no impact either on necrotization of tumor tissue or on tumor growth. ET was performed on normal tissues as well. In subcutaneous tissue, thigh muscle, and liver of healthy mice immediately after 1 h of treatment using 0.6 mA in both cathodic and anodic modes, local necrotization at the site of electrode insertion was evident, with signs of acute inflammation in the vicinity. In anodic ET, vacuolization around the electrode was noticed. A Meta-Analysis of the Epidemiological Evidence Regarding Human Health Risk Associated with Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields. Aldrich TE; Laborde D; Griffith J; Easterly C Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p127-143 1992 *There is evidence to suspect that a human health risk could exist from exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF). Such a risk is likely to be very small and thus elusive to measure. This paper aims to evaluate the magnitude and manner of the potential human cancer risk associated with EMF exposure using the published literature. To accomplish this objective, a meta- analysis was performed with the published literature through 1991. Two conventional, summary techniques were used: geometric means and sample size weighing (Mantel- Haenszel). The summary risk estimates using these methods for cancer risk from EMF exposure are 1.6 and 2.0, respectively. Epidemiological studies are currently underway to address the EMF question and to measure EMF exposure more specifically. Until these studies are published and their results can be integrated into appropriate safety procedures, minimizing public health exposures is a prudent course. Electromagnetic Stimulation of Buds of Castanea-sativa, Mill in Tissue Culture. Ruzic R; Jerman I; Jeglic A; Fefer D Electro- and Magnetobiology; 11 (2) p145-153 1992 *Buds of chestnut (Castanea sativa, Mill.) were grown on modified Heller's solid material medium with the addition of 0.1 mg/mL 6- benzyl-aminopurine (BAP). They were divided monthly and used for experiments with homogeneous sinusoidal magnetic fields of 5.9, 3.2, and 1.2 mT for 1 h/day, 6 days a week, for 28 weeks. The results are season-dependent; bud growth was significantly enhanced over controls in early summer (50% at 5.0 mT, 64% at 3.2 mT, and 62% at 1.2 mT). In late summer and fall, growth was inhibited slightly. In early winter, it was stimulated again. We also measured significant effects 1 month after cessation of stimulation. The Lack of an Effect of Applied dc Electric Fields on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in the Guinea Pig. Mcginnis ME; Murphy DJ Neuroscience; 51 (1) p231-244 NOV 1992 *This study was undertaken to provide evidence of' enhanced regeneration of mammalian peripheral nerves in response to applied d.c. electric fields. Peroneal nerves of adult guinea- pigs were crushed or transected and anastomosed. Constant current d.c. stimulators (20 muA) were implanted in the flank with platinum/iridium electrodes routed to the ankles. Animals with crush lesions were tested for toe spreading ability from the 14th to the 23rd day following the lesion. Animals with transection lesions were allowed to recover for 40 days and isometric force measurements of toe abduction and foot flexion were made. Both myelinated and unmyelinated fiber densities were determined. There proved to be no difference between legs treated with an anode, a cathode, or a sham electrode as evaluated by: the time to return of the toe spreading reflex, the isometric force of either twitches or tonic contractions, the latency between stimulation and contraction, or the number or density of either myelinated or unmyelinated fibers. These negative results are at variance with other studies that have reported beneficial effects of d.c. electric fields on peripheral nerve regeneration. The stimulation and analysis techniques used in this study were well within the variety of protocols that have yielded reports of highly significant positive effects with smaller numbers of animals than used in this study. The conclusion is that either there is a subtle but highly specific and critical difference between the present protocol and others, or the other studies need to be reevaluated. In either case, it seems that the ability of applied d.c. fields to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration in vivo remains open to question. Intrinsic and Synaptically Generated Delta (1-4Hz) Rhythms in Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Neurons and Their Modulation by Light- Induced Fast (30-70Hz) Events. Nunez A; Amzica F; Steriade M Neuroscience; 51 (2) p269-284 NOV 1992 *Thalamocortical neurons of cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were recorded under urethane anesthesia. Neurons were identified by antidromic invasion from the internal capsule and by orthodromic stimulation from the optic chiasm or light stimuli. An intrinsic oscillation within the frequency of sleep delta waves (1-4 Hz) was induced by hyperpolarizing current pulses triggering a rhythmic sequence of low-threshold spikes alternating with after hyperpolarizing potentials. The increased propensity to oscillation after blockage of inputs arising in the retina indicates that afferent synaptic drives interfere with the intrinsic oscillation of lateral geniculate cells. The relatively rare occurrence of this type of oscillation in impaled neurons, as compared with extracellular recordings in the same nucleus or to intracellular recordings in other dorsal thalamic nuclei, suggests that the interplay between the two intrinsic currents generating delta oscillation is particularly critical in lateral geniculate cells. Another type of delta oscillation was characterized by excitatory postsynaptic potentials which gave rise to action potentials or to low-threshold spikes at more depolarized or hyperpolarized levels, respectively. It is suggested that this rhythm reflects synaptic coupling by intranuclear recurrent axonal collaterals. Light stimulation induced fast (30-70 Hz) excitatory events that were blocked after lidocaine injections into the eye. In all tested cells, changes in the ambient luminosity of the experimental room blocked the intrinsic as well as the synaptic oscillation within the delta frequency. In some cells, this suppressing effect was associated with depolarization and increased firing rate. These results demonstrate different types of sleep delta oscillations in visual thalamic neurons and show that they are modulated not only by brainstem regulatory systems, but also by specific drives along the visual channel. Delta Frequency (1-4 Hz) Oscillations of Perigeniculate Thalamic Neurons and Their Modulation by Light. Amzica F; Nunez A; Steriade M Neuroscience; 51 (2) p285-294 NOV 1992 *Neurons in the perigeniculate sector of the reticular thalamic nuclear complex were recorded extra- and intracellularly under deep urethane anesthesia. They were identified by burst responses to optic chiasm stimulation and depolarizing spindle oscillations in response to internal capsule stimulation. Perigeniculate neurons displayed oscillations within the frequency range of electroencephalogram delta waves (1-4 Hz). One-third of extracellularly recorded neurons discharged rhythmic (2.5- 4 Hz), high-frequency (150-200 Hz) spike bursts. This was similar to an intrinsic oscillation that was recently observed in dorsal lateral geniculate cells studied in vitro and in vivo. Other oscillating neurons displayed trains of single spikes (20-50 Hz) crowning rhythmic (2.5- 4 Hz) depolarizing envelopes that were best expressed at the ''resting'' membrane potential ( - 60 to - 65 mV). It is suggested that this oscillation reflects synaptic drives from dorsal lateral geniculate neurons. Changes in ambient room luminosity disrupted both types of delta rhythms. These data demonstrate for the first time that delta oscillations are present in the visual sector of the reticular thalamic nucleus. The results suggest that the two types of delta rhythmicity result from intrinsic and network properties of visual thalamic neurons and that perigeniculate cells may synchronize, through backward connections, the activity of dorsal lateral geniculate cells during deep stages of resting sleep. H-3-Uridine Uptake in Human Leukemia HL-60 Cells Exposed to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Azadniv M; Miller MW Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications; 189 (1) p437-444 NOV 30 1992 Pulsed Magnetic Fields Stimulate Osteoblasts Activity During Bone Repair. Cane V; Botti P; Soana S European Journal of Histochemistry; 36 p33-34 1992 The Measurement of Extremely Low Environmental Frequencies. Plagenhoef S Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews; 16 (4) p473- 480 WIN 1992 *A magnetic sensing device, capable of recording frequencies in the extremely low range of near zero to 20 Hertz, was placed in a shielded room designed to reduce interference from ambient magnetic fields. Frequencies and intensities are presented on selected man-made magnetic fields that may effect the body. The effects of various frequencies emitted on human tissue are unknown, but the equipment and method for measuring extremely low frequencies sets the stage for determining body reactions to dominant frequencies that may entrain a person away from the earth's frequency of 7.83 Hertz. The most dominant frequency on 20 commonly used items is presented, including modalities used for treatment by doctors. In addition, the magnetic and electrical radiation levels are given using a hand-held meter designed for 50 to 60 Hertz. Future research using the new magnetic sensors, which can detect frequencies down to 100 nanogauss, will be used to measure the magnetic field of the human body. Polarized Debate - EMFs and Cancer. Stone R Science; 258 (5089) p1724-1725 DEC 11 1992 EMF Research. Adair RK Science; 258 (5090) p1868-1869 DEC 18 1992 - Response. Florig HK Science; 258 (5090) p1869 DEC 18 1992 Mechanisms of Electromagnetic Interaction with Cellular Systems. Grundler W; Kaiser F; Keilmann F; Walleczek J Naturwissenschaften; 79 (12) p551-559 DEC 1992 *The question of how electromagnetic fields - static or low to high frequency - interact with biological systems is of great interest. The current discussion among biologists, chemists, and physicists emphasizes aspects of experimental verification and of defining microscopic and macroscopic mechanisms. Both aspects are reviewed here. We emphasize that in certain situations nonthermal interactions of electromagnetic fields occur with cellular systems. Magnetic Fields of Video Display Terminals and Spontaneous Abortion. Lindbohm ML; Hietanen M; Kyyronen P; Sallmen M; Vonnandelstadh P; Taskinen H; Pekkarinen M; Ylikoski M; Hemminki K American Journal of Epidemiology; 136 (9) p1041-1051 NOV 1 1992 *The aim of this study was to examine whether work with a video display terminal and exposure to the magnetic fields of video display terminals are related to spontaneous abortion. The study was conducted among women employed as bank clerks and clerical workers in three companies in Finland. The cases (1 91 spontaneous abortions) and controls (394 births) were identified from Finnish medical registers for the years 1975-1985. Use of video display terminals was defined using the workers' own reports and information provided by the companies. The assessment of exposure to the magnetic fields was based on measurements of the fields of video display terminals. The odds ratio for spontaneous abortion for working with video display terminals was not increased (odds ratio = 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.7- 1.6). However, the odds ratio for workers who had used a video display terminal with a high level of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (>0.9 muT) was 3.4 (95% confidence interval 1.4- 8.6) compared with workers using a terminal with a low level of these magnetic fields (<0.4 muT). Adjustment for ergonomic factors and mental work load factors changed the odds ratio for magnetic field exposure only very slightly. The findings suggest the need for future studies with assessment of exposure to the magnetic fields in the actual working environment to confirm the possible risk. Exposure to Electric and Magnetic (EM) Fields Increases Transcripts in HL-60 Cells - Does Adaptation to EM Fields Occur. Goodman R; Wei LX; Bumann J; Shirleyhenderson A Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 29 (2) p185-192 DEC 1992 *Increased levels of c-myc and histone H2B transcripts are detectable after 4 min of exposure of cells to a 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field (80 muT). When cells are continuously exposed to the same field, transcript levels for both c-myc and histone H2B remain significantly elevated over control values for at least 2 h, but return to control levels by 4 h. In cells exposed for 20 min, and then removed from the EM field for time periods up to 4 h, a similar pattern of transcript levels was observed. Results from the two sets of exposure conditions show that the responsive time period in the cell following exposure to continuous 60 Hz sine waves is rapid and that neither longer exposures nor removal from the signal significantly affects the pattern or duration of the response. Early History of Bioelectromagnetics. Schwan HP Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (6) p453-467 1992 *The early history of bioelectromagnetics is reviewed as I experienced it. The period of time chosen extends from my joining the Institute for Physical Foundations of Medicine in Frankfurt in 1937 to the early 1970s, when I retired from the chair of my department at the University of Pennsylvania. Several themes emerge from these recollections. First, clinical and biological work led almost immediately to a heated controversy about the role of athermal vs. thermal effects; this issue has never been settled to the satisfaction of most. Second, good quantitative work on electrical properties and dosimetry began early, well before World War II; its impact on future developments was significant. Long-Term, Low-Level Microwave Irradiation of Rats. Chou CK; Guy AW; Kunz LL; Johnson RB; Crowley JJ; Krupp JH Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (6) p469-496 1992 *Our goal was to investigate effects of long-term exposure to pulsed microwave radiation. The major emphasis was to expose a large sample of experimental animals throughout their lifetimes and to monitor them for effects on general health and longevity. An exposure facility was developed that enabled 200 rats to be maintained under specific-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions while housed individually in circularly- polarized waveguides. The exposure facility consisted of two rooms, each containing 50 active waveguides and 50 waveguides for sham (control) exposures. The experimental rats were exposed to 2,450-MHz pulsed microwaves at 800 pps with a 10-mus pulse width. The pulsed microwaves were square-wave modulated at 8- Hz. Whole body calorimetry, thermographic analysis, and power-meter analysis indicated that microwaves delivered at 0.144 W to each exposure waveguide resulted in an average specific absorption rate (SAR) that ranged from 0.4 W/kg for a 200-g rat to 0. 15 W/kg for an 800-g rat. Two hundred male, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned in equal numbers to radiation- exposure and sham-exposure conditions. Exposure began at 8 weeks of age and continued daily, 21.5 h/day, for 25 months. Animals were bled at regular intervals and blood samples were analyzed for serum chemistries, hematological values, protein electrophoretic patterns, thyroxine, and plasma corticosterone levels. In addition to daily measures of body mass, food and water consumption by all animals, O2 consumption and CO2 production were periodically measured in a sub-sample (N=18) of each group. Activity was assessed in an open-field apparatus at regular intervals throughout the study. After 13 months, 10 rats from each group were euthanatized to test for immunological competence and to permit whole-body analysis, as well as gross and histopathological examinations. At the end of 25 months, the survivors (11 sham-exposed and 12 radiation- exposed rats) were euthanatized for similar analyses. The other 157 animals were examined histopathologically when they died spontaneously or were terminated in extremis. Statistical analyses by parametric and non-parametric tests of 155 parameters were negative overall for effects on general health, longevity, cause of death, or lesions associated with aging and benign neoplasia. Positive findings of effects on corticosterone level and immune system at 13 months exposure were not confirmed in a follow-up study of 20 exposed and 20 control rats. Differences in O2 consumption and CO2 production were found in young rats. A statistically significant increase of primary malignancies in exposed rats vs. incidence in controls is a provocative finding, but the biological significance of this effect in the absence of truncated longevity is conjectural. The positive findings need independent experimental evaluation. Overall, the results indicate that there were no definitive biological effects in rats chronically exposed to RF radiation at 2,450 MHz. Research on the Neurological Effects of Nonionizing Radiation at the University of Washington. Lai H Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (6) p513-526 1992 *This paper reviews research on neurological effects of low- level microwave irradiation, which was performed at the University of Washington, during the decade of the 1980s. We studied in the rat the effects of microwave exposure on the actions of various psychoactive drugs, on the activity of cholinergic systems in the brain, and on the neural mechanisms involved. Our results indicate that endogenous opioids play an important mediating role in some of the neurological effects of microwaves, and that parameters of microwave exposure are important determinants of the outcome of the microwave effects. Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Associated with Cellular- Radio Cell-Site Antennas. Petersen RC; Testagrossa PA Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (6) p527-542 1992 *Because of a heightened public awareness of issues pertaining to the use of electromagnetic energy, concurrent with a rapid growth of the cellular telephone industry, a study was initiated to characterize the electromagnetic environment associated with typical cell- site antennas. In particular, the radio-frequency electromagnetic (RF) fields in the vicinity of several antenna towers, ranging in height from 46-82 m, were characterized by measurement. In all cases, the antennas were omnidirectional co- linear arrays. The maximal power densities considered representative of public exposure were found to be less than 100 muW/m2 (10 nW/cm2) per radio channel. Comparison of measured values with the corresponding values that were calculated from the free- space transmission formula indicated that the analytical technique is conservative (i.e., overestimates field levels). The measured and corresponding analytical values were found to be well below accepted exposure limits even when extrapolated to simultaneous and continuous operation of the maximal number of transmitters that would be expected to be installed at a cell-site. Additional measurements were made in the near field of the same antenna type in a roof-mounted configuration. At a distance of 0.7 m from the antenna, the maximal power density in the main beam was found to be less than 30 W/m2 (3 MW/cm2) when normalized to sixteen radio channels (the maximal number used on a single antenna) and less than 30 MW/M2 (3 muW/m2) at 70 m. In all cases, the effective radiated power (ERP) by each radio channel was 100 W referenced to a half-wave dipole. This paper describes the instrumentation and measurement techniques used for this study and provides a summary of the results. Electromagnetic Fields and Health - Some Thoughts About the Past and Future. Guy AW Bioelectromagnetics; 13 (6) p601-604 1992 Radar Guns. Salvatore JR Journal of the National Cancer Institute; 85 (1) p67-68 JAN 6 1993 Pulsed Magnetic Field Effects on Calcium Signaling in Lymphocytes - Dependence on Cell Status and Field Intensity. Walleczek J; Budinger TF FEBS Letters; 314 (3) p351-355 DEC 21 1992 *The effect of 3-Hz, monopolar, quasi-rectangular magnetic field pulses on Ca-45(2+) uptake in resting and mitogen- treated rat thymic lymphocytes was evaluated. A 30-min, non-thermal exposure to the pulsed magnetic field (B(peak) = 6.5 mT, E(max) = 0.69 mV/cm, J(max) = 2.6 muA/CM2) reduced Concanavalin A-induced Ca- 45(2+) uptake by 45%. It was observed that (i) the induction of the 3-Hz field response dependend on Ca2+ signal transduction activation; (ii) the response direction (stimulation or inhibition) depended on the level of lymphocyte mitogen responsiveness, and (iii) the field response magnitude increased with increasing magnetic field flux densities (B(peak) = 0, 1.6, 6.5 and 28 mT). Our results demonstrate field effects at B(max) nearly 10(4) greater than that of the average human environment for low- frequency magnetic fields and they are consistent with the independent results from other 3-Hz pulsed magnetic field studies with lymphocytes. Effects of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on 3 Plasma Membrane- Associated Enzymes in Early Chicken Embryos. Moses GC; Martin AH Biochemistry International; 28 (4) p659-664 DEC 1992 Pineal Sensitivity to Pulsed Static Magnetic Fields Changes During the Photoperiod. Yaga K; Reiter RJ; Manchester LC; Nieves H; Sun JH; Chen LD Brain Research Bulletin; 30 (1-2) p153-156 1993 *The effect of pulsed static magnetic fields on the rat pineal melatonin synthesis was studied at different times of the photoperiod. Exposure to magnetic fields during mid- or late dark phase significantly suppressed pineal N- acetyltransferase activity, the rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis, as well as the melatonin content in the pineal gland. These parameters were not influenced by magnetic fields when the exposure occurred early in the dark phase or during the day. These results suggest that the responsiveness of the pineal gland to magnetic field perturbations changes throughout the photoperiod. Biophoton Emission, Stress and Disease - Introduction - Biophoton Emission, Stress and Disease. Vanwijk R Experientia; 48 (11-12) p1029-1030 DEC 1 1992 The Effect of Stress Factors on the Spontaneous Photon Emission from Microorganisms. Tilbury RN Experientia; 48 (11-12) p1030- 1041 DEC 1 1992 *The results of recent work on the photon emission from three yeasts and a bacterium is presented. Both visible region and ultraviolet photon emission is observed; however, no luminescence is observed in the absence of oxygen. The visible region emission is attributed to excited carbonyl groups and excited singlet oxygen dimers formed during the decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides. Possible sources of the ultraviolet photon emission are also examined. The use of microorganisms in the study of ultraweak photon emission and its relation to oxidative, temperature and chemical stress is reviewed and the applications and (or) functions of this photon emission are also discussed. Stress-Induced Photon Emission from Perturbed Organisms. Slawinski J; Ezzahir A; Godlewski M; Kwiecinska T; Rajfur Z; Sitko D; Wierzuchowska D Experientia; 48 (11-12) p1041-1058 DEC 1 1992 *This paper reviews an ultraweak luminescent response of selected biological systems (lower and higher plants, insects and spermatozoa) to certain kinds of detrimental mechanical, temperature, chemical and photochemical stress and to lethal factors. The enhancing effect of white light and formaldehyde on the ultraweak luminescence of yeast and spermatozoa cells is described for the first time. An increase in the percentage of long wavelengths (lambda > 600 nm) with an increase in reaction time, and a significant influence of the suspending medium on the ultraweak luminescence, were observed. The vitality and motility of bull spermatozoa and the vitality of yeast cells were drastically decreased by treatment with white light, water, formaldehyde and iron-ions. Successive irradiation of intact bull spermatozoa cells with white light caused an increase in the intensity of delayed luminescence. An attempt has been undertaken to find stochastic models of non-stationary photon emission. The quasi-relaxation descending stage of non-stationary processes can be modeled as the Integrated Moving Average process IMA (0, 1, 1), and memory and transfer functions can describe the degree of perturbation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The relation of the ultraweak luminescence response to perturbations of homeostasis is discussed in the framework of biochemical and physical models. Time-Resolved Luminescence of Perturbed Biosystems - Stochastic Models and Perturbation Measures. Kochel B Experientia; 48 (11- 12) p1059-1069 DEC 1 1992 *Measures of biosystem perturbation using a cybernetic approach based on stochastic models of photon emission processes are presented, and compared with classical measures. Perturbation phenomena reflected in non- stationary emission processes are represented by means of filtering theory. Nonlinear Response of Biophoton Emission to External Perturbations. Gu Q; Popp FA Experientia; 48 (11-12) p1069-1082 DEC 1 1992 *By considering an exciplex system consisting of collective molecules in interaction with both the 'pumping' fields and the biophoton fields, the two-level exciplex model and the three- level exciplex model are presented. They are useful for the investigation of the quasi-stationary behaviour of biophoton emission, and biophoton emission as a dynamic process in the presence of external perturbations. Our theoretical results predict a series of nonlinear effects, such as chaos, fractal behaviour, and non-equilibrium phase transition. These effects characterize the coherence nature of living systems. In our approaches, there are two important quantities f and x, which can be used to mark the working points of the two- level and three- level exciplex systems. All the influences of external perturbations on the exciplex systems, e.g. change of temperature, the addition of agents, exposure to light, etc., can be interpreted as shifts of the working points of the systems, leading to a diversity of nonlinear response of biophoton emission. In addition, the agreements of the theoretical results and the corresponding experimental observations on biophoton emission from biological systems in the presence of external perturbations are demonstrated. Photon Emission of Phagocytes in Relation to Stress and Disease. Lilius EM; Marnila P Experientia; 48 (11-12) p1082-1091 DEC 1 1992 *Phagocytes, the first-line cells of the body's defence mechanisms against invading pathogens, kill microorganisms by means of lysosomal degradative enzymes and highly toxic reactive oxygen intermediates. The reactive oxygen compounds are produced, in a process called the 'respiratory burst', by the NADPH oxidase complex in plasma membranes, and by myeloperoxidase in phagolysosomes after degranulation. These processes generate electronically excited states which, on relaxation, emit photons, giving rise to phagocyte chemiluminescence (CL). This paper describes the conditions for the measurement of CL, and reviews the activity of phagocytes from individuals undergoing stress or disease. The capability of phagocytes to emit photons reflects remarkably well the pathophysiological state of the host. In many cases even the magnitude of the stress, the presence of a pathogen in the body, or the activity of the disease can be estimated. Physiological changes, e.g. in the reproductive cycle, can also be predicted. Photon Emission in Tumor Biology. Vanwijk R; Vanaken JM Experientia; 48 (11-12) p1092- 1102 DEC 1 1992 *Photon emission from mammalian cells has been subject of study for many years. Growing research activity is directed on the photon emission within the field of tumor biology. These studies, applying high-sensitivity photon counting methods, have paid attention to several aspects, including photon emission from serum of tumor-bearing animals, photon emission of tumors and of isolated tumor cells. In addition, research activity is increased with respect to the photon emission induced by white light from cultured tumor cells. In this review we report on the different aspects of spontaneous and induced photon emission of tumor cells as compared to normal cells. Throughout these studies the question of a functional biological role of this spontaneous and light-induced photon emission has been raised and some different points of view will be discussed. Influence of the 10 cm Electromagnetic Field on the Indices of Conditional Reflectory Activity in Rats. Smolia AL Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal; 38 (4) p92-94 JUL-AUG 1992 *The formation of defensive conditional reflexes in rats exposed to 10 cm electromagnetic field of different power densities during 4-months-long experiment has been studied. Stability of conditional reflectory reactions for the whole period of exposure is shown. The after- exposure period is characterized by the prevalence or excitatory processes. Effect of Constant Magnetic Field on the Liver of Guinea Pig - Electron Microscopic Studies. Parafiniuk M; Gorczynska E; Gutsch A; Parafiniuk W Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica; 30 (3) p119 1992 *Twenty guinea pigs were exposed 1 hour daily, for 3 to 7 weeks to constant magnetic field (CMF), the induction of which was 0.005 T, and 0.3 T. Hepatocytes were examined in semithin sections with light microscope and TEM. The negative photographic plates of the TEM were analyzed and measured with densimeter. It was shown that CMF of the induction 0.005 T and 0.3 T exhibited structural changes in hepatocytes, priomarly in mitochondria. Investigation of Potential Genotoxic Effects of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Escherichia-Coli. Chahal R; Craig DQM; Pinney RJ Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; 45 (1) p30-33 JAN 1993 *Exposure of growing cells of Escherichia coli strain AB1157 to a frequency of 1 Hz with field strengths of 1 or 3 kV m-1 did not affect spontaneous or ultraviolet light (UV)-induced mutation frequencies to rifampicin resistance. Neither did growth in the presence of charge alter the sensitivities of strains AB1157, TK702 umuC or TK501 umuC uvrB to UV. Similarly, although the resistance of strains TK702 umuC and TK501 umuC uvrB to UV was increased by the presence of plasmid pKM101, which carries DNA repair genes, pregrowth of plasmid- containing strains in electric fields did not increase UV resistance. Finally, growth in a low frequency field in the presence of sub- inhibitory concentrations of mitomycin C did not affect mitomycin C-induced mutation frequencies. It is concluded that low frequency electromagnetic fields do not increase spontaneous mutation, induce DNA repair or increase the mutagenic effects of UV or mitomycin C. Magnetic Fields Stimulate Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Hypophysectomized Rats. Rusovan A; Kanje M Neuroreport; 3 (12) p1039-1041 DEC 1992 *THE effect of a sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic field, 0.4 mT on regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve was studied. The sciatic nerve of intact and hypophysectomized rats was crushed and regeneration was evaluated by the pinch test and by immunocytochemical staining for neurofilaments. The animals were exposed to the magnetic field for 3-6 days, between a pair of Helmholtz coils. Hypophysectomy of the rats resulted in an impaired regeneration. However, the magnetic field exposure stimulated regeneration in both the intact and hypophysectomized animals. The results imply that the pituitary gland is not involved in magnetic field induced stimulation of nerve regeneration. Effects of Time-Dependent Electric Fields on Membrane Transport. Astumian RD Biophysical Journal; 64 (1) p7-8 JAN 1993 Dosimetry Workshop - Extremely-Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Rafferty CN; Phillips RD; Guy AW Bioelectromagnetics; p1-10 1992 *A workshop on the dosimetry of extremely-low-frequency fields was held to assess current knowledge in this field and to develop a set of recommendations for new research that meets the needs of health risk assessment, in particular, the assessment of cancer risk. The workshop was sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute and was held on March 20-22, 1991, in Carmel, California. Major topics of the workshop were microdosimetry of induced electric fields, scaling of induced fields among biological systems from cells to humans, and the problem of defining a biologically effective ''dose.'' A number of research recommendations were developed, the most important of which are to (1) characterize the natural background electric and magnetic fields in tissues and near cells, (2) improve experimental exposure geometries to allow accurate characterization of induced fields in samples, (3) design experiments to distinguish between electric and magnetic field mechanisms, (4) develop standard in vitro biological systems with reproducible and well-established responses to fields, and (5) develop definition of dose with respect to fields at the primary site of interaction. Macroscopic Dosimetry of Power-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Kaune WT Bioelectromagnetics; p11-14 1992 Experimental Macroscopic Dosimetry for Extremely-Low- Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Bracken TD Bioelectromagnetics; p15-26 1992 *Environmental and laboratory exposure to electric and magnetic fields (EMF) in the extremely-low-frequency range (ELF) produces electrical quantities that interact directly with the exposed biological system on a scale small compared to the size of the human body but large with respect to cellular dimensions. The purpose of this paper is to describe these macroscopic electrical quantities and their characterization through measurements on living systems and experimental models. Electric field exposure results in a total induced current, surface electric fields, internal electric fields, and internal currents. Magnetic field exposure results in internal magnetic field, internal electric fields, and internal currents. Basic properties of fields and matter determine the methods by which these quantities can be measured. Quantification or dosimetry for these parameters on a macroscopic basis can be directed to the whole body, a cross section across the body, a local surface area, or a local volume. Models of varying degrees of sophistication have been used to establish spatial distributions of external fields and internal fields and currents. Numerical and Analytical Methods to Determine the Current Density Distributions Produced in Human and Rat Models by Electric and Magnetic Fields. Hart FX Bioelectromagnetics; p27-42 1992 *Some numerical and analytical methods used to estimate the internal electric fields and current densities produced within human and animal models by low-frequency electric and magnetic fields are surveyed. A major goal of such modeling is the design of laboratory experiments on cellular systems or animal models to produce a dosage comparable to that experienced by humans in a particular situation. Specific comparisons are made between the results of ellipsoidal approximations and finite- difference methods applied to irregularly- shaped, homogeneous, human and rat models for applied 60 Hz electric (10 kV/m) and magnetic (10(-4) T) fields. For scaling purposes, the induced current densities in various parts of the body are compared for rat and human models for both types of field. In addition, the current density distribution induced in rectangular culture dishes by applied magnetic fields is also described. The extension of these methods to inhomogeneous models and localized sources ma not be simple. Numerical Dosimetry at Power-Line Frequencies Using Anatomically Based Models. Gandhi OP; Chen JY Bioelectromagnetics; p43-60 1992 *We have used the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to calculate induced current densities in a 1.31-cm (nominal 1/2 in) resolution anatomically based model of the human body for exposure to purely electric, purely magnetic, and combined electric and magnetic fields at 60 Hz. This model based on anatomic sectional diagrams consists of 45,024 cubic cells of dimension 1.31 cm for which the volume-averaged tissue properties are prescribed. It is recognized that the conductivities of several tissues (skeletal muscle, bone, etc.) are highly anisotropic for power-line frequencies. This has, however, been neglected in the first instance and will be included in future calculations. Because of the quasi-static nature of coupling at the power-line frequencies, a higher quasi- static frequency f' may be used for irradiation of the model, and the internal fields E' thus calculated can be scaled back to the frequency of interest, e.g., 60 Hz. Since in the FDTD method one needs to calculate in the time domain until convergence is obtained (typically 3-4 time periods), this frequency scaling to 5-10 MHz for f' reduces the needed number of iterations by over 5 orders of magnitude. The data calculated for the induced current and its variation as a function of height are in excellent agreement with the data published in the literature. The average current densities calculated for the various sections of the body for the magnetic field component (H) are considerably smaller (by a factor of 20- 50) than those due to the vertically polarized electric field component when the ratio E/H is 377 ohms. We have also used the previously described impedance method to calculate the induced current densities for the anatomically based model of the human body for the various orientations of the time- varying magnetic fields, namely from side to side, front to back, or from top to bottom of the model, respectively. Microscopic Dosimetry of Extremely-Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Tenforde TS Bioelectromagnetics; p61-66 1992 Some Engineering Models for Interactions of Electric and Magnetic Fields with Biological Systems. Barnes FS Bioelectromagnetics; p67-85 1992 *The objective of this paper is to review some of the fundamental mechanisms for the interaction of electric and magnetic fields with biological systems at variable levels of field strengths and to examine several possible ways by which weak fields may influence these systems. We begin with a review of the basic equations by which electric or magnetic fields interact with biological fluids and follow it with a look at the effects of inserting a simple cell membrane. The initial starting points are the force equations on charged particles and dipoles. We examine their effects on current flow, the orientation of long-chain molecules, and the forces which can be exerted by particles of magnetite on membranes. This is followed by a very simple model for the effects of a cell membrane on the overall current distribution and a model for current flow through a membrane. Some sources of nonlinearities which might serve as mechanisms for converting weak electrical signals from one frequency to a more biologically significant frequency are described. Additionally, three models by which a biological system may extract weak signals from noise are presented. The first of these is the injection-locking of oscillating processes where the signal-to-noise ratio may be less than unity. The second is parametric amplification which allows the external signal and the biological process to be at different frequencies and where stability requirements on the external pump frequency discriminates against the noise. The third approach is to examine a computer model for a neural network which can be trained to identify a 60 Hz field at signal-to-noise ratios much less than one. The key to each of these models for possible interactions of magnetic fields with biological systems is the long-term coherence of the signal with respect to the noise. Finally, we briefly examine the possibility of using scanning force and tunneling microscopes to give a better description of the characteristics of the cell surface. Magnetite in Human Tissues - A Mechanism for the Biological Effects of Weak ELF Magnetic Fields. Kirschvink JL; Kobayashikirschvink A; Diazricci JC; Kirschvink SJ Bioelectromagnetics; p101-113 1992 *Due to the apparent lack of a biophysical mechanism, the question of whether weak, low- frequency magnetic fields are able to influence living organisms has long been one of the most controversial subjects in any field of science. However, two developments during the past decade have changed this perception dramatically, the first being the discovery that many organisms, including humans, biochemically precipitate the ferrimagnetic mineral magnetite (Fe3O4). In the magnetotactic bacteria, the geomagnetic response is based on either biogenic magnetite or greigite (Fe3S4), and reasonably good evidence exists that this is also the case in higher animals such as the honey bee. Second, the development of simple behavioral conditioning experiments for training honey bees to discriminate magnetic fields demonstrates conclusively that at least one terrestrial animal is capable of detecting earth-strength magnetic fields through a sensory process. In turn, the existence of this ability implies the presence of specialized receptors which interact at the cellular level with weak magnetic fields in a fashion exceeding thermal noise. A simple calculation shows that magnetosomes moving in response to earth-strength ELF fields are capable of opening trans-membrane ion channels, in a fashion similar to those predicted by ionic resonance models. Hence, the presence of trace levels of biogenic magnetite in virtually all human tissues examined suggests that similar biophysical processes may explain a variety of weak field ELF bioeffects. Electromagnetic Field Dosimetry - Issues Relating to Background, Noise, and Interaction Mechanisms. Weaver JC Bioelectromagnetics; p115-117 1992 Estimates for ELF Effects - Noise-Based Thresholds and the Number of Experimental Conditions Required for Empirical Searches. Weaver JC; Astumian RD Bioelectromagnetics; p119-138 1992 *Interactions between physical fields and biological systems present difficult conceptual problems. Complete biological systems, even isolated cells, are exceedingly complex. This argues against the pursuit of theoretical models, with the possible consequence that only experimental studies should be considered. In contrast, electromagnetic fields are well understood. Further, some subsystems of cells (viz. cell membranes) can be reasonably represented by physical models. This argues for the pursuit of theoretical models which quantitatively describe interactions of electromagnetic fields with that subsystem. Here we consider the hypothesis that electric fields, not magnetic fields, are the source of interactions, From this it follows that the cell membrane is a relevant subsystem, as the membrane is much more resistive than the intra- or extracellular regions. A general class of interactions is considered: electroconformational changes associated with the membrane. Expected results of such as approach include the dependence of the interaction on key parameters (e.g., cell size, field magnitude, frequency, and exposure time), constraints on threshold exposure conditions, and insight into how experiments might be designed. Further, because it is well established that strong and moderate electric fields interact significantly with cells, estimates of the extrapolated interaction for weaker fields can be sought. By employing signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio criteria, theoretical models can also be used to estimate threshold magnitudes. These estimates are particularly relevant to in vitro conditions, for which most biologically generated background fields are absent. Finally, we argue that if theoretical model predictions are unavailable to guide the selection of experimental conditions, an overwhelmingly large number of different conditions will be needed to find, establish, and characterize bioelectromagnetic effects in an empirical search. This is contrasted with well-established chemical dosimetry, which is much simpler. Because of the large number of possible electromagnetic field conditions, we also conclude that in vitro studies, rather than in vivo studies, should be emphasized in studies aimed at discovering and characterizing mechanisms for bioelectromagnetic effects. Bioelectric Background Fields and Their Implications for ELF Dosimetry. Wachtel H Bioelectromagnetics; p139-145 1992 *Electrically active cells, such as those comprising nerve, muscle, or bone, produce ELF currents not only across themselves but also in the surrounding tissue including the tight extracellular spaces between cells. An analysis based on ''cable models'' of neurons or muscle cells is herein used to estimate those extracellular (or ''pericellular'') current densities. In order to explore frequency bands the neural or muscle action potentials are represented by a Fourier series of sine wave components, The results of this analysis suggest that endogenous currents in, or near, nerve and muscle are far stronger (higher density) than currents likely induced by exogenous ELF fields- such as 1 muT, 60 Hz magnetic fields. This holds true even for ''higher harmonics'' including those at or near 60 Hz. Endogenous Ionic Currents and DC Electric Fields in Multicellular Animal Tissues. Nuccitelli R Bioelectromagnetics; p147-157 1992 *Through the use of the non-invasive vibrating probe technique for detecting extracellular ionic currents developed in 1974 [Jaffe and Nuccitelli: J Cell Biol 63: 614-628, 1974], embryonic currents have been detected in a wide range of animal systems (recently reviewed in [Nuccitelli, Noninvasive Techniques in Cell Biology. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1990, pp 273- 310]. In four of these studies, the corresponding electric field has been measured within the animal tissue. Such measurements of internal electric fields are quite challenging because they involve the insertion of microelectrodes into the developing tissue along specific regions of current flow. This paper reviews the evidence for endogenous transembryonic currents and dc electric fields in animal systems and provides the range of values for such physiological fields. These data should provide a guide to the range of imposed electric field strengths that could influence normal biological functions in living organisms. Methodological Approaches to EMF Microdosimetry. Wachtel H Bioelectromagnetics; p159- 160 1992 Microelectrode Measurements of Low Frequency Electric Field Effects in Cells and Tissues. Mcleod KJ Bioelectromagnetics; p161-178 1992 *The average intensities of electric fields induced into tissue can be calculated if the morphology and conductivities of the tissue are known, and such values provide one estimate of dosage for a given field exposure level. However, the microanatomical structures of living tissue, which include gap junctions, tight junctions, highly charged cell coats, and extracellular matrices, as well as complex cell shapes, precludes a detailed characterization of the field and current distribution near the cells which are actually responding to the electric fields. This suggests that a more useful electric field dose metric may be one based on an induced physical effect on the cells. Electric fields have at least three distinct physical effects on cells: the normal plasma membrane potential will be altered; the ionic currents and ion distributions at the extracellular surface will be modified; and mechanical forces will be imposed at the cell surface. Each of these effects can, in principle, be measured through the application of specific microelectrode techniques. Here, the feasibility of using various intracellular and extracellular recording methods to obtain dosimetric values, as well as the contribution these measurements could make to our understanding of electric field interactions with biological tissue, are discussed. Voltage-Sensitive Dyes - Measurement of Membrane Potentials Induced by DC and AC Electric Fields. Loew LM Bioelectromagnetics; p179-189 1992 *Dye indicators of membrane potential have been available for the past 15 years and have been employed in numerous studies of cell physiology. Since the cell membrane is a likely primary site for the cascade of events resulting in a biological response to electromagnetic fields, methodologies for monitoring the membrane voltage will be critical. This laboratory has developed a series of dyes by using theoretical molecular orbital calculations to predict electrochromic structures. The spectra of electrochromic dyes are altered via a direct coupling of the molecular electronic states with an electric field. This mechanism has the advantage of providing both high temporal and high spatial resolution because the effect is instantaneous and is localized to the level of individual indicator molecules. It therefore can have significant advantages over traditional microelectrode techniques because fast changes in potential can be monitored simultaneously over many different regions of a biological preparation. We have used these dyes to monitor membrane potentials induced by both DC and AC electric fields. In a series of studies with a model membrane system, a spherical lipid bilayer, we showed that the potential develops on the membrane in good agreement with a time- dependent solution to Laplace's equation. Cell membranes can also be stained with voltage sensitive dyes. In experiments with dc fields, we are able to map the variation of the induced membrane potential along the surface of the cell by employing digital video fluorescence microscopy. We can also use the fluorescence microscope to detect membrane potential induced by ac fields by using a phase-sensitive detection scheme to extract the corresponding change in the light intensity from the fluorescent indicator. The technology can be extended to more complex biological preparations and can be used in conjunction with other optical techniques such as those which monitor intracellular ion concentrations. It may, therefore, prove highly valuable for the elucidation of biological responses to electromagnetic fields. Factors Affecting Neural Stimulation with Magnetic Fields. Stuchly MA; Esselle KP Bioelectromagnetics; p191-204 1992 *High amplitude magnetic field pulses produced by coils external to the body have been used for medical diagnosis since the mid- 1980s to stimulate motor neurons in the brain cortex and peripheral nerves. While successful applications have since blossomed, it has only been during the last three years that quantitative dosimetric data have become available. The factors affecting neural stimulation can be divided into three categories broadly related to the characteristics of (i) the stimulus, (ii) the neuron, and (iii) the induced electric field as related to the configuration of the stimulating coil. The stimulus, in the case of magnetic field stimulation, has the form of an exponentially decaying pulse with a small overshoot of the opposite polarity. Physical and electrical properties of a neuron affect its electrical stimulation. Dosimetric considerations are limited to the linear model describing the threshold phenomena, where passive electrical properties and the cable model provide a reasonable approximation of neuron behavior. The electromagnetic variable responsible for stimulation is the spatial derivative of the induced electric field along the neuron axis. This paper examines the factors involved in eliciting threshold excitation of motor neurons by magnetic fields. The description of various factors is largely based on published data except for the analysis of the electromagnetic stimuli induced by various coils. Dosimetric Extrapolations of Extremely-Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields Across Biological Systems. Polk C Bioelectromagnetics; p205-208 1992 Dosimetry of Extremely-Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields. Polk C Bioelectromagnetics; p209- 235 1992 *Extrapolation of quantitative measurements across biological systems requires knowledge of field-organism interaction mechanisms. In the absence of such knowledge, one can only indicate which parameters would be important under some plausible assumptions that still lack experimental proof. In the first part of the paper it is assumed that biological effects of low intensity, extremely low frequency magnetic fields are caused by the electric fields which they induce. It is shown that detailed knowledge of electrical properties on a microscale is important to predict effects that may be due to local current density, electric field strength, surface charge distribution, and mechanical forces. In the second part of the paper, it is shown that all proposed mechanisms for direct interaction between alternating magnetic fields and cells involve also the magnitude and direction of a simultaneously present static magnetic field. Reviewed are ''cyclotron resonance,'' quantum mechanical effects on ions weakly bound to proteins, nuclear magnetic resonance, and recent progress in magneto chemistry dealing with effects of magnetic fields of a few hundred microtesla on chemical reactions that involve free radicals. Dose-Response Implications of the Transient Nature of Electromagnetic-Field-Induced Bioeffects - Theoretical Hypotheses and Predictions. Litovitz TA; Montrose CJ; Wang W Bioelectromagnetics; p237-246 1992 *Data in the literature imply that the relationship between exposure and bio-effect involves more than a simple time integral of the field strength to which the living system has been subjected. Windows-ranges in which the system exhibits enhanced sensitivity-have been reported for power (or field strength), frequency, and the duration of the exposure. In this paper we show that such isolated window effects can be accounted for by recognizing the transient character of the response of the biological system. The principal assumption here is that the direct effect of the field is to increase the rates of production and degradation of mRNA or proteins. In this paper we review and extend the mathematical model that quantifies this. The model predicts that, for a given field strength, certain optimum relatively short duration exposures cause significantly larger bio-effects than exposure for much longer or much shorter times. The thinking embodied in the model should provide a framework for obtaining a meaningful working definition of ''effective dose'' and for predicting the response of subjects to environmental electromagnetic fields. It should help in deciding the relevant variables in the design and analysis of epidemiological studies. Regulation of Cell Cycle and Growth Control. Stein GS; Lian JB Bioelectromagnetics; p247- 265 1992 *The potential biological effects of electric and/or magnetic fields on cells and tissues must be addressed systematically within a context of perturbations in cell cycle control. Such studies should not be pursued in an isolated manner but as a component of the fundamental relationship between proliferation and differentiation, the multi-step process by which structural and functional properties of specialized cells, tissues, and organs progressively develop. It is necessary to quantitatively establish the influence of electric and magnetic fields on the integrated signalling mechanisms which transduce regulatory information for 1) control of the proliferative process and 2) down-regulation of proliferation associated with the initiation of gene expression that mediates the development and maintenance of phenotypic properties characteristic of differentiated cells. We will present an overview of our current understanding of regulatory mechanisms that control proliferation and cell specialization in normal diploid cells with emphasis on rate limiting steps that may be the basis for biological perturbations by electric and magnetic fields. Addressing such questions in normal diploid cells is essential since the loss of growth control in transformed and tumor cells is accompanied by an abrogation of developmental regulatory mechanisms that are functionally coupled to proliferation. Induction of Micronuclei in Cultured Human Lymphocytes Exposed to Quartz Halogen Lamps and Its Prevention by Glass Covers. Dagostini F; Izzotti A; Deflora S Mutagenesis; 8 (1) p87- 90 JAN 1993 *The light emitted by an uncovered tungsten halogen lamp (12 V, 50 W), equipped with a dichroic mirror, induced time-related and distance-related increases in the frequency of micronucleated lymphocytes following in vitro exposure. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from three healthy donors showed the same degree of sensitivity. This clastogenic effect could be ascribed to the emission of far-UV wavelengths (UVB and UVC) and was prevented by interposing a common glass cover. These results support the findings of our genotoxicity studies in repair- deficient bacteria and carcinogenicity studies in hairless mice, thereby suggesting possible health hazards associated with illumination with halogen quartz bulbs, to which an enormous number of individuals are nowadays exposed. These hazards can be simply avoided by using glass covers. Electromagnetic Fields and Circadian Rhythms. Schwartz PJ JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association; 269 (7) p868 FEB 17 1993 Electromagnetic Fields and Circadian Rhythms - Reply. Sagan LA JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association; 269 (7) p868-869 FEB 17 1993 Far Electrostatics Interactions of the Particles in the Cytoplasm. Sizonenko VL Biofizika; 38 (1) p144-149 JAN-FEB 1993 *The electrical fields of the spherical shape particles polarized by the cytoplasm ion were calculated. The items which took into consideration the influence of the polarized particles on ions were added to Gowy-Chapman's equations. The electric fields around one or two particles were found. These fields were shown to penetrate far into the cytoplasm. The potential energy of the two repulsed particles was determined.This energy was more than their temperature even in case of the long distances between the particles which had rather big radii. Studies by Iron Accumulation by Bacteria by Means of Magnetic Measurements. Verkhovtseva NV; Glebova IN Biofizika; 38 (1) p150- 153 JAN-FEB 1993 *Iron compounds accumulated by bacteria Arthrobacter globiformis, Seliberia stellata, Bacillus cereus and Proteus vulgaris were studied with techniques of magnetic measurement. All the cells were diamagnetic in control variants (the source of iron in the media was in the form of a microelement) and the bacteria were paramagnetic (except Proteus vulgaris) in the ferrous media. Iron compounds were not accumulated by P.vulgaris and this species was always diamagnetic. The forms of iron compounds accumulated by some bacteria studied were not dependent on their quantity in the media. The bacteria did not differ considerably by the quantity of accumulated iron, but they differed significantly in relation to the magnetically ordered iron compounds. Frequency Characteristics of the Sensitivity of Honey Bee Larvae to Electric Current. Eskov EK Biofizika; 38 (1) p192-193 JAN-FEB 1993 *The sensitivity threshold of working bee larvae to increased electric current frequency from 10 to 5000 kHz rises on the average by 137 times. At 10 Hz the larvae react to the current of 0.029 mA (C(v)=48%), at 5000 - of 3.98 mA (C(v)=46%). The sensitivity of the larvae to the electric curren is 2-3 orders below that of adult bees. This explains relatively low sensitivity of the larvae to the low-frequency electric field and supports one of the mechanisms of its perception based on stimulation by induced currents. Stochastic Resonans and Its Possible Role in Living Nature. Makeev VM Biofizika; 38 (1) p194-201 JAN-FEB 1993 *A curious phenomenon discovered recently, called ''stochastic resonans'' might happen to be of interest in different biological processes. Stochastic resonans may be observed in a bistable system driven with a noise and periodical force. According to it in some conditions the system behaves in a more organised way with an increase of the incoming noise. The main features of the phenomenon interesting for the biological application is discussed, and a simple model of the bistable potential-dependent ion channel is considered as a possible mechanism of the influence of the weak electromagnetic field on the living sell. Effects of ELF Magnetic Fields on Biological Magnetite. Adair RK Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p1-4 1993 *The effects of 60 Hz magnetic fields of 5 muT (50 mG) or less on biological structures holding magnetite (Fe3O4) are shown to be much smaller than that from thermal agitation; hence such interactions cannot be expected to be biologically significant. Effects of a 60 Hz Magnetic Field on Central Cholinergic Systems of the Rat. Lai H; Carino MA; Horita A; Guy AW Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p5-15 1993 *We studied the effects of an acute (45 min) exposure to a 60 Hz magnetic field on sodium- dependent, high-affinity choline uptake in the brain of the rat. Decreases in uptake were observed in the frontal cortex and hippocampus after the animals were exposed to a magnetic field at flux densities greater-than-or-equal-to 0.75 mT. These effects of the magnetic field were blocked by pretreating the animals with the narcotic antagonist naltrexone, but not by the peripheral opioid antagonist, naloxone methiodide. These data indicate that the magnetic-field- induced decreases in high-affinity choline uptake in the rat brain were mediated by endogenous opioids in the central nervous systems. Rat Liver Foci Study on Coexposure with 50 Hz Magnetic Fields and Known Carcinogens. Rannug A; Holmberg B; Ekstrom T; Mild KH Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p17-27 1993 *A study was performed to investigate possible interactions by magnetic fields (MF) with the processes of initiation and promotion of chemically induced preneoplastic lesions in rat liver. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 70% partial hepatectomy followed after 24 h by i.p. injection of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) as a tumour initiator. Starting one week after the DENA-treatment phenobarbital (PB) was given to promote growth of enzymatically altered foci of liver cells. MF was applied immediately after the partial hepatectomy and continued until sacrifice after 12 weeks of PB exposure. Homogenous horizontal AC magnetic fields with a frequency ot 50 Hz and flux densities of 0.5 muT or 0.5 mT were used. The rats coexposed with MF and DENA plus PB did not gain weight as much as the rats exposed to the chemical agents only. The MF-exposure also resulted in a slight reduction in size and numbers of the focal lesions. The results suggest an interaction of MF with the processes of chemical carcinogenesis either as a result of stress or depending on effects on the proliferation of preneoplastic cells. Determination of the Induced ELF Electric Field Distribution in a 2 Layer Invitro System Simulating Biological Cells in Nutrient Solution. Wang W; Litovitz TA; Penafiel LM; Meister R Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p29-39 1993 *In-vitro studies of biological effects of electromagnetic fields are often conducted with cultured cells either in suspension or grown in a monolayer. In the former case, the exposed medium can be assumed to be homogeneous; however, eventually the cells settle to the bottom of the container forming a two layer system with different dielectric and conductive properties. In the present work the effect of this separation on the electric field distribution is calculated and experimentally measured at selected positions for a commonly used exposure configuration. The settled cell suspension is modeled by a well-defined two layer system placed in a rectangular container with the base of the container parallel to the direction of the magnetic field. Theoretical calculations based on numerical techniques are done for various two layer systems with different conductivities in each layer. The agreement between the theoretical calculations and the experimental measurements is within +/- 1.5 mV/m, or 10% of the maximum induced field when the conductivity of the lower layer is ten times that of the upper layer. This result is well within experimental error. When the thickness of one of the layers is small compared to the thickness of the other layer, it is found that the electric field distribution is essentially that of the homogeneous case. The latter situation corresponds to a typical cell exposure condition. Inter-Beat Intervals of Cardiac-Cell Aggregates During Exposure to 2.45 GHz CW, Pulsed, and Square-Wave-Modulated Microwaves. Seaman RL; Dehaan RL Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p41-55 1993 *Inter-beat intervals of aggregated cardiac cells from chicken embryos were studied during 190 s exposures to 2.45 GHz microwaves in an open-ended coaxial device. Averaged specific- absorption rates (SARs) and modulation conditions were 1.2-86.9 W/kg continuous-wave (CW), 1.2- 12.2 W/kg pulse modulation (PW, duty cycle almost-equal-to 11%), and 12.0-43.5 W/kg square-wave modulation (duty cycle = 50%), The inter-beat interval decreased during microwave exposures at 42.0 W/kg and higher when CW or square-wave modulation was used, which is consistent with established effects of elevated temperatures. However, increases in the inter-beat inter-beat interval during CW exposures at 1.2- 12.2 W/kg, and decreases in the inter- beat interval after PW exposures at 8.4-12.2 W/kg, are not consistent with simple thermal effects. Analysis of variance indicated that SAR, modulation. and the modulation-SAR interaction were all significant factors in altering the inter-beat interval. The latter two factors indicated that the cardiac cells were affected by athermal as well as thermal effects of microwave exposure. 2D-Plasmon Excitation and Nonthermal Effects of Microwaves on Biological Membranes. Fisun OI Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p57-66 1993 *There are several experimental reports that have demonstrated a remarkable increase in conduction of ions along the interface between water and a polar-lipid monolayer as contrasted with that in a bulk-water phase. A simple model was developed for the collective ionic modes of a charged spherical membrane that takes the increase into account. Starting from the hydrodynamic equations for surface ions inside and outside a cell, the dispersion relation for intrinsic cellular electrical oscillations was obtained. Properties were calculated for surface- plasmon modes as well as for a resonant response of a charged membrane bilayer to microwave pumping. The Effect of Moving Air on Detection of a 60-Hz Electric Field. Stell M; Sheppard AR; Adey WR Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p67-78 1993 *Two potential mechanisms in detection of a 60-Hz electric field by albino rats were examined: field-induced movement of the vibrissae and field-induced vibration of the skin. Specifically, the experiment tested field detection in a moving stream of air designed to mask field-induced movement of the skin, fur, and vibrissae. Rats were trained to detect electric fields and were then tested at field intensities from 0-25 kV/m rms. As previously reported, rats demonstrate unmistakable behavioral evidence of field detection at all intensities above 7.5 kV/m. After establishing detection in still air, field detection was re-examined in moving air (average air velocity approximately 2.8-6.8 m/s). The primary result is that the wind produced no change in detection at field intensities above threshold (> 7.5 kV/m), Indeed, at these intensities detection was virtually identical in still and moving air. A secondary finding is that moving air produced statistically significant (P < .05) but apparently contradictory effects on detection when the field intensity was below threshold. On no-field trials the wind lowered scores (i.e., fewer presses on the field- off lever); however, on subthreshold field trials, the wind actually increased detection scores (i.e., more presses on the field-on lever). While this no-field and subthreshold field result is interesting and deserves further study, we place primary emphasis on the finding that, if the field was detectable in still air, it was also detectable in moving air. This result leads us to believe that movement of the vibrissae, fur, or skin is not likely to be the main mechanism of electric-field detection in our subjects. Effects of Microwaves on Membranes of Hematopoietic Cells in Their Structural and Functional Organization. Rotkovska D; Bartonickova A; Kautska J Bioelectromagnetics; 14 (1) p79-85 1993 *The role of cell membranes in stimulating and inhibiting the effects of microwaves was investigated in experiments carried out with a suspension of murine bone marrow cells irradiated with microwaves in vitro [f = 2.45 GHz, CW, specific absorption rate (SAR) = 12 W/kg]. Results obtained by means of a structural probe, 2.4-TNS, indicate that no structural changes occur in the region of the protein-lipid interphase under conditions of short- term irradiation with microwaves that induced temperatures in the range 36-45-degrees (exposure time 315 and 525 s, respectively). Investigation of one functional parameter- the ability to produce hematopoietic colonies in the spleen after transplantation of the bone marrow irradiated in vitro by microwaves-indicated the possibility of affecting stimulatory and inhibitory effects of microwaves by using a blocker of cell receptors, Trimepranol. The role of microwaves as a physical factor interfering in the process of cell proliferation at the level of receptor regulation is discussed. Influence of a Stationary Magnetic Field on Acetylcholinesterase in Murine Bone Marrow Cells. Stegemann S; Altman KI; Muhlensiepen H; Feinendegen LE Radiation and Environmental Biophysics; 32 (1) p65-72 JAN 1993 *A thirty-minute exposure of mice to a homogeneous stationary magnetic field (SMF) of 1.4 Tesla at either 27- degrees-C or 37- degrees-C body temperature causes an inhibition of about 20 per cent of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, E.C. 3.11.7) in murine bone marrow cells (BMC) after 3.5 and 2 h, respectively, at the two afore- mentioned body temperatures. The extent of enzyme inhibition is independent of ambient temperature, but dependent on the time after exposure. This initial inhibition of AChE activity is followed by a limited recovery which is dependent upon the temperature during exposure to the SMF and remains incomplete even 15 h afterwards. We describe here certain enzymologic properties of AChE in BMC as well as inhibition studies with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) to differentiate between AChE and nonspecific cholinesterases. On the Mechanism of a 60-Hz Electric Field Induced Growth Reduction of Mammalian Cells Invitro. Azadniv M; Miller MW; Cox C; Valentine F Radiation and Environmental Biophysics; 32 (1) p73-83 JAN 1993 *Data on 60-Hz electric field (EF) induced reduction in growth rate of plant roots have strongly supported the hypothesis that the effect is related to an EF-induced transmembrane potential (V(m)i). An investigation was undertaken to determine if this hypothesis is also applicable to 60-Hz EF-induced reductions in growth rate of mammalian cells in vitro. Human lymphoblastic (RPMI 1788) and human carcinoma (HeLa) cells were selected for study, the former having a relatively small diameter (11.2 mum), and the latter having a relatively large diameter (15.4 mum). The 60-Hz EFs ranged from 430-1200 V/m in the culture medium. The growth rate of RPMI 1788 cells after 4- days was depressed by about 42% at a 60-Hz EF of 1000-1200 V/m with a response threshold occurring at 950 V/m; the V(m)i at the response threshold was 8 mV. There was no 60- Hz EF-induced effect on HeLa cell growth rate of a V(m)i of 8 mV (60-Hz EF = 700 V/m); a statistically significant effect was achieved at V(m)i of 11 mV (950 V/m). The data support the hypothesis that above a threshold 60-Hz EF, V(m)i acts as the initial signal leading to growth rate reductions. Magnetic Healing, Quackery, and the Debate About the Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Macklis RM Annals of Internal Medicine; 118 (5) p376-383 MAR 1 1993 *Although the biological effects of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation have been studied since the time of Paracelsus, there is still no consensus on whether these effects are physiologically significant. The recent discovery of deposits of magnetite within the human brain as well as recent, highly publicized tort litigation charging adverse effects after exposure to magnetic fields has rekindled the debate. New data suggest that electromagnetic radiation generated from power lines may lead to physiologic effects with potentially dangerous results. Whether these effects are important enough to produce major epidemiologic consequences remains to be established. The assumption of quackery that has attended this subject since the time of Mesmer's original ''animal magnetism'' investigations continues to hamper efforts to compile a reliable data base on the health effects of electromagnetic fields. Electromagnetic Field Interactions with Biological Systems. Frey AH FASEB Journal; 7 (2) p272-281 FEB 1 1993 *This is a report on Symposia organized by the International Society for Bioelectricity and presented at the 1992 FASEB Meeting. The presentations summarized here were intended to provide a sampling of new and fruitful lines of research. The theme topics for the Symposia were cancer, neural function, cell signaling, pineal gland function, and immune system interactions. Living organisms are complex electrochemical systems that evolved over billions of years in a world with a relatively simple weak magnetic field and with few electromagnetic energy emitters. As is characteristic of living organisms, they interacted with and adapted to this environment of electric and magnetic fields. In recent years there has been a massive introduction of equipment that emits electromagnetic fields in an enormous range of new frequencies, modulations, and intensities. As living organisms have only recently found themselves immersed in this new and virtually ubiquitous environment, they have not had the opportunity to adapt to it. This gives us, as biologists, the opportunity to use these electromagnetic fields as probes to study the functioning of living systems. This is a significant opportunity, as new approaches to studying living systems so often provide the means to make great leaps in science. In recent years, a diversity of biologists have carried out experiments using electromagnetic fields to study the function of living cells and systems. This approach is now becoming quite fruitful and is yielding data that are advancing our knowledge in diverse areas of biology. Weak Electric Current Accelerates Motoneuron Regeneration in the Sciatic Nerve of 10- Month-Old Rats. Pomeranz B; Campbell JJ Brain Research; 603 (2) p271-278 FEB 19 1993 *When a weak direct current (DC) of 10 muA driven by an implantable device was applied to a crushed sciatic nerve in 9- 10-month-old rats, regeneration was accelerated as assessed electrophysiologically. Rats underwent a sciatic nerve crush of the right leg and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (i) Cathode Distal (CD); (ii) Sham Implant (SI); or (iii) No Implant (NI). On post-operative days 25-39 each Tat received a measurement of evoked electromyograms (EMG) in the foot. In addition each rat received a behavioural test score (BTS). This BTS correlated well with the evoked EMG results showing the behavioural relevance of the EMG results. NI rats performed the same as SI in the evoked EMG procedure, but CD rats performed significantly better than both the control groups. The recovery period in the CD rats was 21% shorter than in either the sham- treated or untreated controls showing that weak DC can greatly enhance nerve regeneration in adult rats. This result was in contrast to previous work in younger rats where DC treatments had no effects. The discrepancy is discussed in relation to the slowing of regeneration in older rats. Increase in Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP of Rat Cerebellum by Radio Frequency Burst-Type Electromagnetic Field Radiation. Miura M; Takayama K; Okada J Journal of Physiology - London; 461 p513- 524 FEB 1993 *1. Using rat cerebellum supernatant, the effects of radio frequency (RF) burst-type electromagnetic (EM) field radiation on the production of cyclic GMP were examined under various conditions. The radiation was generated by a generator coil, and set at a 1 0 MHz radiation frequency, a 50 % burst time, a 10 kHz burst rate and a 5 V peak-to- peak generator voltage. 2. When the cerebellum supernatant was incubated with both exogenous L- arginine (nitric oxide (NO) donor) and NADPH, and irradiated by an RF burst-type EM field, the production of cyclic GMP was increased significantly from a level of 21-22 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 to 25-26 nmol min- 1 (g tissue)-1. By contrast, such an effect was not found when the cerebellum supernatant was irradiated by an RF volley-type EM field. 3. When neither L- arginine nor NADPH were added to the cerebellum supernatant, the production of cyclic GMP was lowered to a level of 6 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 and the radiation effect was not found. When the cerebellum supernatant was chelated with EDTA, the production of cyclic GMP was lowered to a level of 7 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 and the radiation effect was not found. 4. Incubation with Methylene Blue, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, lowered the production of cyclic GMP to a level of 10-12 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1, and the radiation effect did not occur. On incubation with a NO synthase inhibitor, either N(G)-methyl-L-arginine or N(omega)- nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, the production of cyclic GMP was lowered to a level of 10-12 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 or 5- 9 nmol min-1 (g tissue)-1 respectively, and the radiation effect was not observed. 5. Using electrochemical NO probes, the production of NO in the cerebellum supernatant was detected. The concentration of NO increased gradually after the onset of the EM field radiation. The radiation effect persisted, and reached a maximum after the cessation of the radiation. 6. In an in vivo study, the arterioles of the frog web were dilated by the radiation, and this radiation effect was almost completely abolished by the addition of a NO synthase inhibitor. This indicates that radiation activates NO synthase and ultimately induces vasodilatation. Exposure to Low Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Increases Interleukin-1 and Interleukin-6 Production by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Cossarizza A; Angioni S; Petraglia F; Genazzani AR; Monti D; Capri M; Bersani F; Cadossi R; Franceschi C Experimental Cell Research; 204 (2) p385-387 FEB 1993 Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields - A Review of Genetic Toxicology. Murphy JC; Kaden DA; Warren J; Sivak A Mutation Research; 296 (3) p221-240 MAR 1993 *Epidemiologic studies have reported a modestly increased risk of childhood leukemia associated with certain electric power wire configurations. Since cancer likely involves DNA damage, this review discusses the evidence of direct and indirect genetic toxicity effects for both electric and magnetic fields at 50- and 60-Hz and miscellaneous pulsed exposures. Exposure conditions vary greatly among different end points measured, making comparisons and conclusions among experiments difficult. Although most of the available evidence does not suggest that electric and/or magnetic fields cause DNA damage, the existence of some positive findings and limitations in the set of studies carried out suggest a need for additional work. Electromagnetic Fields, Cancer, and the Theory of Neuroendocrine- Related Promotion. Marino AA Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 29 (3) p255-276 FEB 1993 *Environmental electromagnetic fields were predicted to increase the risk for cancer in chronically exposed human subjects because of impaired immunosurveillance mediated by the neuroendocrine system. This theory was examined by evaluating the human observational studies involving EMF- exposed subjects, and it was determined that the risk of cancer is greater when EMFs are added to the environment, at least for children and white males. The inference of risk obtained from the studies supports the theory of neuroendocrine-related progression of cancer but does not prove it because the studies provide no basis to exclude other possible mechanisms such as EMF-induced changes in ornithine decarboxylase, melatonin, or ion-resonance interactions. Ionic Channel Gating Under Electromagnetic Exposure - A Stochastic Model. Dinzeo G; Pisa S; Tarricone L Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 29 (3) p289-304 FEB 1993 *Researchers interested in the biological effects of electromagnetic (EM) fields are focusing their attention on the behavior of transmembrane ionic channels and on their kinetic properties. Theoretical studies of the biochemical dynamic properties of the channels have suggested the development of a modelistic approach considering the membrane channel as a non- deterministic state machine. Its behavior is fully described by a set of states, a matrix of transition rates, and a vector for the probability of the machine to be in each single state at a certain instant. In this work a stochastic model is developed, generating random processes where the probability for each state is an aleatory variable. The model can be applied to both voltage- and ligand-dependent channels, both unexposed and exposed to EM fields. The response of the model, for voltage- dependent channels such as K+, Na+ and Ca2+ in a voltage-clamp situation, is analyzed for sinusoidal EM fields in the ELF range. The results obtained appear more satisfactory than those presented in earlier papers using similar approaches, as this model shows the sensitivity of the channel response to both the frequency and amplitude of the EM stimulation. Magnetic Inclination Compass - A Basis for the Migratory Orientation of Birds in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Wiltschko W; Munro U; Ford H; Wiltschko R Experientia; 49 (2) p167-170 FEB 15 1993 *We conducted orientation experiments with Silvereyes, Zosterops lateralis, Australian passerine migrants, to see whether birds living in the Southern Hemisphere in a magnetic field with an upward inclination orient in the same way as birds in the Northern Hemisphere that experience a downward inclination of the magnetic field. Tested indoors in the local geomagnetic field, the birds preferred southerly directions corresponding to their migratory direction in spring. In a magnetic field with a reversed vertical component, they reversed their directional tendencies. This shows that the magnetic compass of Silvereyes also functions as an inclination compass based on the inclination of the field lines instead of the polarity. Stimulation of the Growth of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Pulse Electric Fields. Borodina VM; Fedorova LI; Erchler IA; Abidor IG; Zelenin AV Biologicheskie Membrany; 9 (9) p970-976 SEP 1992 *A method of the stimulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell growth in high-voltage pulse fields is described. It has been shown that 24 h after an experiment the number of cells in electric pulse-treated samples (3 kV. cm, 50 mu s) is 2-4 times as high as the control value. Cancer Mortality and Residence Near Electricity Transmission Equipment - A Retrospective Cohort Study. Schreiber GH; Swaen GMH; Meijers JMM; Slangen JJM; Sturmans F International Journal of Epidemiology; 22 (1) p9-15 FEB 1993 *Several studies in recent years have raised the possibility that exposure to extreme low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields may be hazardous to human health, in particular by the promotion or initiation of leukaemia and other cancers. To determine if this exposure creates a long-term hazard to the public, the mortality of a group of people identified as having lived in an urban quarter of Maastricht in which two 150 kiloVolt (kV) powerlines and one transformer substation are located was investigated. Using the Dutch population registry it was possible to identify retrospectively 3549 inhabitants of the quarter who lived there for at least 5 years between 1956 and 1981. Of these 1552 study subjects lived within 100 m of the electricity transmission equipment and were exposed to magnetic field intensity of 1.0-11.0 milliGauss. The overall standardized mortality ratio and cancer mortality ratios were either not or only slightly elevated. The study does not support previously reported associations of exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields with leukaemia, brain cancer and breast cancer. Leukemia and Electromagnetic Fields. Reizenstein P Leukemia Research; 17 (3) p197-198 MAR 1993 Use of Electric Blankets and Risk of Testicular Cancer and Use of Electric Blankets and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer. Wertheimer N; Leeper E American Journal of Epidemiology; 137 (2) p252-255 JAN 15 1993 - Reply. Vena JE; Graham S; Hellmann R; Swanson M; Brasure J American Journal of Epidemiology; 137 (2) p255-257 JAN 15 1993 Magnetic Fields and Intracellular Calcium - Effects on Lymphocytes Exposed to Conditions for Cyclotron Resonance. Coulton LA; Barker AT Physics in Medicine and Biology; 38 (3) p347-360 MAR 1993 *There are a number of claims in the literature that specific combinations of low-level DC and AC magnetic fields can cause biologically significant effects. The combinations of fields required to elicit these responses fulfil the theoretical conditions for classical cyclotron resonance of the selected ion. Because of the biological importance of calcium ions any effects on them are of particular interest, for instance the claimed increase in calcium uptake by electromagnetically exposed lymphocytes. We have measured the intracellular calcium concentration, by means of a sensitive fluorescent probe, during a 60 min exposure of mouse lymphocytes to 'cyclotron resonance' conditions for calcium ions. 'Resonance' conditions at two frequencies (16 Hz and 50 Hz) were tested, with a range of DC field amplitudes used to shift the frequency up to 25% either side of the calculated optimum. Treatment of the lymphocytes with concanavalin A was used as a positive control and caused a significant increase in intracellular calcium concentration. No change in intracellular calcium concentration could be detected when lymphocytes were exposed to 'cyclotron resonance' conditions or to the other magnetic field combinations used. Effect of Modulated SHF Electromagnetic Fields on Calmodulin Levels in Brain Structures. Katkov VF; Pavlovskii VF; Poltavchenko GM Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine; 114 (7) p978-980 JUL 1992 Langevin-Lorentz and Zeeman-Stark Models of Bioelectromagnetic Effects. Chiabrera A; Bianco B; Tommasi T; Moggia E Acta Pharmaceutica; 42 (4) p315-322 1992 *The study of biophysical mechanisms involved in the interactions between low-intensity electromagnetic fields and cells has evolved to address specific molecular processes, like ion binding to receptors and ion transport across channels. The classical approach, which is based on the Langevin- Lorentz equation, has been fully exploited neglecting any endogenous force, so that the effects due to an exogenous exposure can be compared to thermal noise effects. As a consequence, it becomes apparent that also the endogenous force acting on the messenger ions needs to be considered. Assuming such a force proportional to ion displacement, its effect on thermal motion only is discussed. If an exogenous field is applied, the variations occurring in ion dynamics can be studied, but only partial results are available, so that a conclusive comparison with thermal noise effects cannot yet be accomplished. On the other hand, realistic data obtained from the Protein Data Bank point out that endogenous fields are very large and nonlinear on the 10(-10) m scale, thus calling for a quantum approach. A modelling technique using the density operator and based on weak Zeeman and Stark effects has been developed. A preliminary comparison with the results obtained by a Zeeman model (exogenous exposure versus thermal noise) proves once more the paramount importance of considering a particular choice on the endogenous force. However, both approaches are solid starting points toward better understanding of bioelectromagnetic effects. No conclusive results are yet available; nevertheless, the preliminary results show that biological effects of low- intensity electromagnetic exposure are possible, thus offering a theoretical basis for the improvement of the models and an attempt to interpret experimental results. EMF and Cancer. Davis JG; Bennett WR; Brady JV; Brent RL; Gordis L; Gordon WE; Greenhouse SW; Reiter RJ; Stein GS; Susskind C; Trichopoulos D Science; 260 (5104) p13-14 APR 2 1993; EMF and Cancer. Ahlbom A; Feychting M Science; 260 (5104) p14 APR 2 1993 A Double-Blind Trial of the Clinical Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Osteoarthritis. Trock DH; Bollet AJ; Dyer RH; Fielding LP; Miner WK; Markoll R Journal of Rheumatology; 20 (3) p456-460 MAR 1993 *Objective. Further evaluation of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF), which have been observed to produce numerous biological effects, and have been used to treat delayed union fractures for over a decade. Methods. In a pilot, double-blind randomized trial, 27 patients with osteoarthritis (OA), primarily of the knee, were treated with PEMF. Treatment consisted of 18 half- hour periods of exposure over about 1 month in a specially designed noncontact, air-coil device. Observations were made on 6 clinical variables at baseline, midpoint of therapy, end of treatment and one month later; 25 patients completed treatment. Results. An average improvement of 23-61% occurred in the clinical variables observed with active treatment, while 2 to 18% improvement was observed in these variables in placebo treated control patients. No toxicity was observed. Conclusion. The decreased pain and improved functional performance of treated patients suggests that this configuration of PEMF has potential as an effective method of improving symptoms in patients with OA. This method warrants further clinical investigation. Effects of 7 Months' Exposure to a Static 0.2 T-Magnetic Field on Growth and Glycolytic Activity of Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Yamaguchi H; Hosokawa K; Soda A; Miyamoto H; Kinouchi Y Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 1156 (3) p302-306 MAR 21 1993 *Human gingival fibroblasts in confluent cultures were continuously exposed to a static 0.2 T magnetic field for 6 or 8 months. Culture flasks were not changed during the exposure, but culture medium was renewed. After dilution and mixing of the cultures surviving intact, field- exposed and sham-exposed cultures received further field- or sham- exposure on Sm-Co blocks. Rate of cell proliferation, histogram of the nuclear DNA content, rates of lactate production and glucose consumption and the ATP content were determined and cell morphology was investigated by both light- and electron-microscopy. Results show no marked differences between exposed and control cells. Larmor Precession as a Mechanism for the Detection of Static and Alternating Magnetic Fields. Edmonds DT Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p3-12 MAR 1993 *The Larmor theorem predicts that applying a magnetic field B to a particle of mass m and charge q which is under the influence of a strong central force leads to the superposition of a uniform precession of angular frequency w(L) = qB/(2m) about the direction of the field on the original motion. This imposes an axial symmetry on the original motion even though the energy of interaction of the ion with the field is negligible compared with its original energy. This could provide a mechanism by which a biological system detects the direction of a magnetic field. On the assumption that the effectiveness of a calcium binding enzyme such as calmodulin depends on its shape and thus in detail on the direction of vibration of the bound ion, the catalysed kinetics are shown to depend upon the amplitude of an applied magnetic field. Small amplitude alternating magnetic fields applied at an angle to a static field are shown to be very effective in altering the imposed symmetry in a frequency dependent manner. The mechanism has considerable immunity from noise because the vibrating ion is shielded within the cavity, it is sensitive only to a narrow band of disturbing frequencies and the precession rate does not depend on the frequency or amplitude of the vibrator. Effect of ELF Electromagnetic Exposure on Precipitation of Barium Oxalate. Berton R; Beruto D; Bianco B; Chiabrera A; Giordani M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p13- 25 MAR 1993 *Studies on the effects of low-intensity, low-frequency electromagnetic fields on processes, such as nucleation and precipitation in living matter, have to face rather complex experimental conditions due to the large number of variables to be taken into account. Similar problems are usually associated with many bioelectromagnetic reactions. Inorganic systems where the same phenomena occur are more suitable for investigating the fundamental mechanisms involved. In this paper, we deal with the effect of ELF electromagnetic fields on the nucleation and precipitation of barium oxalate from aqueous solutions of barium nitrate. The effect of ELF electromagnetic fields on nucleation and on crystal growth kinetics lies in the production of fewer nuclei, which grow faster. It is shown that low-intensity ELF fields induce changes in the interfacial energy, which in turn increases both the total apparent free energy of activation for the nucleation process and the subsequent crystal growth kinetics. Electromagnetic Energy Deposition in Living Tissues by an Overconstrained Moment Method. Caorsi S; Gragnani GL; Pastorino M Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p27-34 MAR 1993 *Some mathematical developments are presented, and results of numerical experiments are reported to compare a ''traditional'' version of the moment method with an overconstrained one. The latter aims to achieve higher accuracy in modelling both electromagnetic energy deposition and field distribution in biological bodies. A larger number of testing than basis functions is used to constrain the solution more effectively near comers and edges. A pseudoinversion transformation is performed to solve, in a least-squares sense, the resulting overdetermined system of equations. Comparisons with results reported in the literature are made, showing an enhancement of the method of moment (MoM) capabilities in specific absorption rate calculations, without a corresponding increase in computational load. The overconstrained MoM needs limited computer resources, and can be quite effective if the knowledge of the mean value of the scattered field is sufficient, or when local electromagnetic field values are required only for some regions of a body. Measurement of the Red Blood Cell Membrane Magnetic Susceptibility. Azanza MJ; Blott BH; Delmoral A; Peg MT Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p43-53 MAR 1993 *Accurate magnetic measurements, at congruent-to 300 K and at magnetic fields up to 5 T have been performed, using superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, in dried powders of human red blood cell membranes (RBC) fragments. The measured susceptibility is chi = - (4.59 +/- 0.15) x 10(-7) emu/g Oe, being field independent. We have developed a model to calculate the magnetization induced on aggregates of clusters of diamagnetically correlated anisotropic phospholipid molecules (superdiamagnetism) and concluded that chi is directly related, in the form DELTAchi = 2chi, to the anisotropy of the bilayer diamagnetic susceptibility, expressed as DELTAchi = chi(parallel- to) - chi(perpendicular-to), where chi(parallel-to) and chi(perpendicular-to) are the susceptibilities parallel and perpendicular to the longer molecular axis respectively. The value obtained for deltachi is then - (9.18 +/- 0.30) x 10(-7) emu/g Oe. Comparison between deltachi and the model-calculated magnetization for the correlated superdiamagnetic molecular clusters of RBC and likely Helix aspersa neuron membranes, gives an upper bound of N(C) almost-equal-to 5 X 10(6) phospholipids. Electromagnetic Field Calculations Used for Exposure Experiments on Small Animals in TEM-Cells. Martens L; Vanhese J; Dezutter D; Dewagter C; Malmgren L; Persson BRR; Salford LG Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p73-81 MAR 1993 *Three-dimensional electromagnetic calculations for loaded transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission cells are presented. Based on those calculations a prediction of the perturbation of the standard uniform field in the TEM-cell, due to the scattering by inhomogeneous structures placed inside the cell cavity, is given. The influence of the dimensions of a lossy structure and its position in the TEM-cell on its absorption of the electromagnetic fields is presented. Knowing the perturbation of the uniform field is important for good interpretation of the biological experimental results. The Na,K-ATPase as a Model for Electromagnetic Field Effects on Cells. Blank M; Soo L Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p85-92 MAR 1993 *The ATP-splitting activity of the membrane Na,K-ATPase can increase or decrease in alternating cu-ent (ac), depending on the level of enzyme activity in the absence of a field. Under optimal conditions, the ac decreases the activity; when the enzyme activity is lowered by ouabain or temperature, the ac increases the activity. Both effects are frequency dependent over a broad band, with maxima in the ELF range at about 100 Hz. The currents can be imposed with electrodes or induced from an alternating magnetic field. At 60 Hz, the threshold for inhibition by an induced ac electric field has been determined to be about 52 muV cm-1, a somewhat higher value than determined earlier at 100 Hz for currents imposed through electrodes. Further Investigations on Non-Thermal Effects Referring to the Interaction Between ELF Fields and Transmembrane Ionic Fluxes. Dinzeo G; Galli A; Palombo A Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p93-102 MAR 1993 *In this paper we develop further the analysis of a model of bioelectromagnetic interaction at the microscopic level. Non- thermal effects of electromagnetic (EM) fields regarding the cellular environment are approached by means of thermodynamic considerations. A classical model, which considers the Lorentz forces acting on the cell membrane ions, is investigated at extremely low frequencies (ELF). Thus it is possible to calculate the electromagnetic energy coupling with the different ionic species, by varying the frequency, the amplitudes, and the spatial configurations of the EM fields. The influence of orientation of the static and dynamic EM components is evaluated from a theoretical point of view. Mechanisms of Electromechanical Coupling in Membranes Demonstrated by Transmembrane Potential-Dependent Shape Transformations of Human Erythrocytes. Glaser R Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p103-109 MAR 1993 *Human red blood cells in electrolyte solutions become stomatocytes if the transmembrane potential goes beyond +25 mV, and transform into echinocytes if the transmembrane potential becomes negative. This correlation can be found when inducing the membrane potential change in various ways (Cl- and pH(e) modifications, electric breakdown, ionophores, ghosts). No correlation between the shapes and the internal or external pH could be found. Shape transformations which are produced by amphiphilic drugs can be overcome by the electric membrane potential. The mechanisms of this process are obviously complex. Translocations of small charged molecules between the internal and the external lipid leaflet seem to be important. This process is discussed as a model for electromechanical coupling mechanisms in membranes. A Strong Static Magnetic Field Inhibits the Poly-ADP- Ribosylation of Proteins in Human Kidney T1-Cells. Schneeweiss FHA; Xia F; Sharan RN; Feinendegen LE Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p111-117 MAR 1993 *Exposure of monolayers of human kidney TI-cells to a strong static magnetic field (1.4 T, 30 min at 37-degrees- C) reduced the poly-ADP-ribosylation (PADPR) of the total cellular proteins to about 60% of its normal metabolic level. The inhibition was transient and showed dependence on the time of exposure and on the strength of the applied static magnetic field. PADPR relaxation kinetics followed a non-monotonous course reaching the metabolic level not earlier than 24 h after the termination of magnetic field interference. It is suggested that the magnetic field interacts with the cellular membrane components affecting the transfer of signals which controls the PADPR of proteins. Effects of Weak Low Frequency Sinusoidal and dc Magnetic Fields on Myosin Phosphorylation in a Cell-Free Preparation. Markov MS; Wang S; Pilla AA Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p119-125 MAR 1993 *The effects of weak, environmental range, sinusoidal (ac), and dc magnetic fields on myosin light chain phosphorylation in a cell-free system were studied. This enzyme system is Ca2+- calmodulin dependent, providing a well established ion binding mechanism for this investigation. The exposure system applied dc (0-200 muT, vertically and/or horizontally controlled) and/or ac (16 Hz, 20.9 muT) magnetic fields. The results appear to suggest that all of the ac and dc, as well as combinations of ac/dc magnetic fields, significantly (30-100%, p < 0.01) influenced myosin phosphorylation. The most surprising and important finding was that variations of the dc magnetic field (in the absence of ac components) were not only sufficient to alter the rate of phosphorylation, but also gave the maximum effect. Experiments with Mumetal shielding, which decreased the ambient dc and ac magnetic fields to +/-0.1 muT, also resulted in a decrease of phosphorylation, to 35% of the control value. Study of phosphorylation kinetics showed a typical ''S'' shaped enzyme- substrate dependence, which again was modified by the dc field. Influence of Electromagnetic Fields on Morphology and Mitochondrial Activity of Breast Cancer Cell Line-MCF7. Johann S; Lederer T; Mikorey S; Kraus W; Blumel G Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics; 30 (1-3) p127-132 MAR 1993 *Cells of the breast cancer cell line MCF7 were exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF). A sinusoidal signal (12 h/day) was generated by a function generator with a frequency of 20 Hz and a maximum magnetic induction of 5.3 mT. After 6 days EMF subjected cells showed a significant increase in mitochondrial activity as shown by MTT-assay. At the same time EMF exposed cells investigated by scanning electron microscopy indicated intensified membrane ruffling and pronounced microvilli development compared with control cells. DNA Mutations and 50 Hz Electromagnetic Fields. Nafziger J; Desjobert H; Benamar B; Guillosson JJ; Adolphe M Bioelectroch